{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:43:35Z","timestamp":1791434615608,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcus bovis\/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC), a non-enterococcal group D Streptococcus spp. complex, has been described as commensal bacteria in humans and animals, with a fecal carriage rate in humans varying from 5% to over 60%. Among streptococci, SBSEC isolates represent the most antibiotic-resistant species\u2014with variable resistance rates reported for clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and levofloxacin\u2014and might act as a reservoir of multiple acquired genes. Moreover, reduced susceptibility to penicillin and vancomycin associated with mobile genetic elements have also been detected, although rarely. Since the association of SBSEC bacteremia and colon lesions, infective endocarditis and hepatobiliary diseases has been established, particularly in elderly individuals, an accurate identification of SBSEC isolates to the species and subspecies level, as well as the evaluation of antibiotic resistance, are needed. In this paper, we reviewed the major methods used to identify SBSEC isolates and the antimicrobial resistance rates reported in the scientific literature among SBSEC species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T03:52:32Z","timestamp":1548301952000},"page":"480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["An Overview on Streptococcus bovis\/Streptococcus equinus Complex Isolates: Identification to the Species\/Subspecies Level and Antibiotic Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6309-6981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Pompilio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5850-2810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Bonaventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Gherardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Campus Biomedico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00603","article-title":"The Road to Infection: Host-Microbe Interactions Defining the Pathogenicity of Streptococcus bovis\/Streptococcus equinus Complex Members","volume":"9","author":"Jans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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