{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:41:44Z","timestamp":1790487704271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/2\/2013\/SG05\/AIMST\/01\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/2\/2013\/SG05\/AIMST\/01\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder defined by progressive deterioration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been proposed to replace the degenerated dopaminergic neurons due to its inherent neurogenic and regenerative potential. However, the effective delivery and homing of DPSCs within the lesioned brain has been one of the many obstacles faced in cell-based therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. We hypothesized that DPSCs, delivered intranasally, could circumvent these challenges. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of intranasally administered DPSCs in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. Human deciduous DPSCs were cultured, pre-labelled with PKH 26, and intranasally delivered into PD mice following MPTP treatment. Behavioural analyses were performed to measure olfactory function and sensorimotor coordination, while tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunofluorescence was used to evaluate MPTP neurotoxicity in SNpc neurons. Upon intranasal delivery, degenerated TH-positive neurons were ameliorated, while deterioration in behavioural performances was significantly enhanced. Thus, the intranasal approach enriched cell delivery to the brain, optimizing its therapeutic potential through its efficacious delivery and protection against dopaminergic neuron degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T11:27:52Z","timestamp":1548761272000},"page":"568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Deciduous DPSCs Ameliorate MPTP-Mediated Neurotoxicity, Sensorimotor Coordination and Olfactory Function in Parkinsonian Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Sunway Campus, Selangor 47500, Malaysia"},{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan Fu","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"},{"name":"Pre-Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UTAR, Sungai Long Campus, Selangor 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Premasangery","family":"Kathivaloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"},{"name":"Meluha Life Sciences Sdn Bhd, Lot 1G-2G Kompleks Lanai, Putrajaya 62250, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Afiqah","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"},{"name":"Meluha Life Sciences Sdn Bhd, Lot 1G-2G Kompleks Lanai, Putrajaya 62250, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagadeesh","family":"Dhamodharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arulmoli","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3660-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharathi","family":"Sengodan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasanth Raj","family":"Palanimuthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Northern Ireland  BT9 7BL, UK"},{"name":"China Queens College (CQC), China Medical University Joint College (off-campus), Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasi","family":"Marimuthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5963-3441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heera","family":"Rajandas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manickam","family":"Ravichandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0101-1858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivachandran","family":"Parimannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb00217.x","article-title":"Topography, Extent, and Clinical Relevance of Neurochemical Deficits in Dementia of Lewy Body Type, Parkinson\u2019s Disease, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"640","author":"Perry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. 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