{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T01:55:09Z","timestamp":1787968509547,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Office","award":["K119529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K119529"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development, and Innovation Office","award":["PD112465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD112465"]}]},{"name":"PTE \u00c1OK KA Research Grant","award":["KA-2018-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA-2018-07"]}]},{"name":"PTE \u00c1OK KA Research Grant","award":["KA-2019-Miko"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA-2019-Miko"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor has been reported to downregulate T cell activation effectively via binding to its ligands PD-L1 or PD-L2 in a negative co-stimulatory manner. Little is known about the involvement of PD-1 mediated immunoregulation in pregnancy and in pregnancy-related disorders. In this work, we investigated the possible role of the PD-1 co-stimulatory pathway in the pathogenesis of the clinical phase of early-onset preeclampsia characterized by a systemic maternal inflammatory response. We performed a cross-sectional study for comparative analysis of phenotypic and functional characteristics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in women with early-onset preeclampsia and third-trimester healthy pregnant controls. According to our findings, enhanced expression of either PD-1 or its ligand PD-L1, or both, on the cell surface of effector cells (T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT)-like cells) and Tregs could be observed, but PD-1 expression did not correlate with effector cells exhaustion. These results suggest the failure of the axis to downregulate Th1 responses, contributing thereby to the exaggerated immunoactivation observed in early-onset preeclampsia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T11:27:52Z","timestamp":1548761272000},"page":"583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Involvement of the PD-1\/PD-L1 Co-Inhibitory Pathway in the Pathogenesis of the Inflammatory Stage of Early-Onset Preeclampsia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Matyas","family":"Meggyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, 20 Ifjusag Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Miko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, 20 Ifjusag Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienn","family":"Lajko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Csiszar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 13 Ifjusag Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7028-4227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Sandor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 13 Ifjusag Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Matrai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Tamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 17 Edesanyak street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1208-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laszlo","family":"Szereday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, 20 Ifjusag Street, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3160","article-title":"Fetomaternal immune cross-talk and its consequences for maternal and offspring\u2019s health","volume":"99","author":"Arck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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