{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T14:20:08Z","timestamp":1785507608216,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]],"date-time":"2019-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011508","name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["025364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["025364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011508","name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["024246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["024246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011508","name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["021803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011508","name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["022399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011508","name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["020180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["020180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011508","name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["023557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["023557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011508","name":"Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["020190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["020190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. The leucine-rich repeats (LRR)-containing domain is evolutionarily conserved in many proteins associated with innate immunity in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. We focused on the AaeLRIM1 and AaeAPL1 gene expressions in response to Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection using a time course study, as well as the developmental expressions in the eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. RNA-seq analysis data provided 60 leucine-rich repeat related transcriptions in Ae. aegypti in response to Zika virus (Accession number: GSE118858, accessed on: August 22, 2018, GEO DataSets). RNA-seq analysis data showed that AaeLRIM1 (AAEL012086-RA) and AaeAPL1 (AAEL009520-RA) were significantly upregulated 2.5 and 3-fold during infection by ZIKV 7-days post infection (dpi) of an Ae. aegypti Key West strain compared to an Orlando strain. The qPCR data showed that LRR-containing proteins related genes, AaeLRIM1 and AaeAPL1, and five paralogues were expressed 100-fold lower than other nuclear genes, such as defensin, during all developmental stages examined. Together, these data provide insights into the transcription profiles of LRR proteins of Ae. aegypti during its development and in response to infection with emergent arboviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T03:08:05Z","timestamp":1548990485000},"page":"615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Transcriptional Profile of Aedes aegypti Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins in Response to Zika and Chikungunya Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5047-2194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th Street South East, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry W.","family":"Alto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th Street South East, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyoung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, 200 9th Street South East, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.9.16464","article-title":"Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins: Integrators of pattern recognition and signaling in immunity","volume":"7","author":"Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1253","article-title":"Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved?","volume":"6","author":"Ausubel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06246","article-title":"Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response","volume":"449","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Srivastava, P., Sirisena, P., Dubey, S.K., Kumar, R., Shrinet, J., and Sunil, S. (2018). Mosquito Innate Immunity. Insects, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9030095"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/imb.12275","article-title":"Identification and initial characterization of matrix metalloproteinases in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti","volume":"26","author":"Kantor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Insect. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24729","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24729","article-title":"Infection pattern and transmission potential of chikungunya virus in two New World laboratory-adapted Aedes aegypti strains","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"163","article-title":"Permeability of the midgut basal lamina in the mosquito, Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Insecta, Diptera)","volume":"38","author":"Houk","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.01.009","article-title":"Barriers to success: How baculoviruses establish efficient systemic infections","volume":"411","author":"Passarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010715-023530","article-title":"Mosquito Immunobiology: The Intersection of Vector Health and Vector Competence","volume":"63","author":"Bartholomay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4114","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.4114-4126.2004","article-title":"Description of the transcriptomes of immune response-activated hemocytes from the mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and Armigeres subalbatus","volume":"72","author":"Bartholomay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immunity"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000365331","article-title":"Anopheles gambiae blood feeding initiates an anticipatory defense response to Plasmodium berghei","volume":"7","author":"Upton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Innate Immunity"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habtewold, T., Povelones, M., Blagborough, A.M., and Christophides, G.K. (2008). Transmission blocking immunity in the malaria non-vector mosquito Anopheles quadriannulatus species A. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000070"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171400","article-title":"Leucine-rich repeat protein complex activates mosquito complement in defense against Plasmodium parasites","volume":"324","author":"Povelones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, M., Summers, B.J., and Baxter, R.H. (2015). Biophysical analysis of Anopheles gambiae leucine-rich repeat proteins APL1A1, APL1B [corrected] and APL1C and their interaction with LRIM1. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118911"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.01.005","article-title":"Two mosquito LRR proteins function as complement control factors in the TEP1-mediated killing of Plasmodium","volume":"5","author":"Fraiture","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterhouse, R.M., Povelones, M., and Christophides, G.K. (2010). Sequence-structure-function relations of the mosquito leucine-rich repeat immune proteins. BMC Genomics, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-531"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riehle, M.M., Xu, J., Lazzaro, B.P., Rottschaefer, S.M., Coulibaly, B., Sacko, M., Niare, O., Morlais, I., Traore, S.F., and Vernick, K.D. (2008). Anopheles gambiae APL1 is a family of variable LRR proteins required for Rel1-mediated protection from the malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003672"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175241","article-title":"Dissecting the genetic basis of resistance to malaria parasites in Anopheles gambiae","volume":"326","author":"Blandin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2308-0","article-title":"Late-phase immune responses limiting oocyst survival are independent of TEP1 function yet display strain specific differences in Anopheles gambiae","volume":"10","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.08.012","article-title":"Plasmodium Oocysts: Overlooked Targets of Mosquito Immunity","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.02.007","article-title":"Interspecies transmission and chikungunya virus emergence","volume":"16","author":"Tsetsarkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.140268","article-title":"Transcontinental movement of Asian genotype chikungunya virus","volume":"20","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60185-9","article-title":"Chikungunya in the Americas","volume":"383","author":"Nougairede","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alto, B.W., Wiggins, K., Eastmond, B., Velez, D., Lounibos, L.P., and Lord, C.C. (2017). Transmission risk of two chikungunya lineages by invasive mosquito vectors from Florida and the Dominican Republic. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005724"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S449","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw382","article-title":"How Chikungunya Virus Virology Affects Its Epidemiology and Transmission: Implications for Influencing Public Health","volume":"214","author":"Powers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"211","article-title":"Chikungunya virus infection: An overview","volume":"36","author":"Caglioti","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S446","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw362","article-title":"Chikungunya Pathogenesis: From the Clinics to the Bench","volume":"214","author":"Gasque","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00125-0","article-title":"Zika virus and neurological disease--approaches to the unknown","volume":"16","author":"Solomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.160065","article-title":"Phylogeny of Zika Virus in Western Hemisphere, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40920","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40920","article-title":"The clinically approved antiviral drug sofosbuvir inhibits Zika virus replication","volume":"7","author":"Sacramento","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6549e1","article-title":"Preliminary Report of Microcephaly Potentially Associated with Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy\u2014Colombia, January\u2013November 2016","volume":"65","author":"Cuevas","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto-D\u00edaz, C.A., Rodr\u00edguez, Y., Monsalve, D.M., Acosta-Ampudia, Y., Molano-Gonz\u00e1lez, N., Anaya, J.M., and Ram\u00edrez-Santana, C. (2017). Autoimmunity in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with Zika virus infection and beyond. Autoimmunity Rev.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.02.002"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, S., Behura, S.K., and Franz, A.W.E. (2017). The midgut transcriptome of Aedes aegypti fed with saline or protein meals containing chikungunya virus reveals genes potentially involved in viral midgut escape. BMC Genomics, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3775-6"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Alto, B.W., Shin, D., and Yu, F. (2018). The Effect of Permethrin Resistance on Aedes aegypti Transcriptome Following Ingestion of Zika Virus Infected Blood. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090470"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00456-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00456-17","article-title":"Global Transcriptome Analysis of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes in Response to Zika Virus Infection","volume":"2","author":"Etebari","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.01.162","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of Aedes aegypti in response to mono-infections and co-infections of dengue virus-2 and chikungunya virus","volume":"492","author":"Shrinet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02050","article-title":"Molecular Responses to Zika Virus: Modulation of Infection by the Toll and Jak\/Stat Immune Pathways and Virus Host Factors","volume":"8","author":"MacLeod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2016.03.005","article-title":"Pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: Important mosquito vectors of human diseases","volume":"133","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Alto, B.W., Smartt, C.T., and Shin, D. (2017). Transcription Profiling for Defensins of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) During Development and in Response to Infection with Chikungunya and Zika Viruses. J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124153","article-title":"Natural malaria infection in Anopheles gambiae is regulated by a single genomic control region","volume":"312","author":"Riehle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091789","article-title":"Effects of mosquito genes on Plasmodium development","volume":"303","author":"Osta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01066","article-title":"Innate immunity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: Comparative and functional genomics","volume":"207","author":"Osta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00173-4","article-title":"Complement-like protein TEP1 is a determinant of vectorial capacity in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae","volume":"116","author":"Blandin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177531","article-title":"Immune activation by life-shortening Wolbachia and reduced filarial competence in mosquitoes","volume":"326","author":"Kambris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estep, A.S., Sanscrainte, N.D., Waits, C.M., Louton, J.E., and Becnel, J.J. (2017). Resistance Status and Resistance Mechanisms in a Strain of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) From Puerto Rico. J. Med. Entomol.","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx143"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw244","article-title":"Transcriptional Profile for Detoxification Enzymes AeaGGT1 and AaeGGT2 From Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Response to Larvicides","volume":"54","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.3.401","article-title":"Cytochrome c gene and protein expression: Developmental regulation, environmental response, and pesticide sensitivity in Aedes aegypti","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.079319","article-title":"NUCLEAR FUSION DEFECTIVE1 encodes the Arabidopsis RPL21M protein and is required for karyogamy during female gametophyte development and fertilization","volume":"141","author":"Portereiko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.040824","article-title":"AGL80 is required for central cell and endosperm development in Arabidopsis","volume":"18","author":"Portereiko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630007044","article-title":"DEB: A web interface for RNA-seq digital gene expression analysis","volume":"7","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Scheiner, S.M., and Gurevitch, J. (1993). Multiple response variables and multispecies interactions. Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments, Chapman & Hall."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/3\/615\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:29:55Z","timestamp":1760185795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/3\/615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20030615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20030615","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201901.0013.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]}}}