{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:07:50Z","timestamp":1776276470914,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]],"date-time":"2019-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BmK AEP, a scorpion peptide purified form the venom of Buthus martensii Karsch, has been reported to display anti-epileptic activity. Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are responsible for the rising phase of action potentials (APs) in neurons and, therefore, controlling neuronal excitability. To elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for its anti-epileptic activity, we examined the influence of BmK AEP on AP firing in cortical neurons and how BmK AEP influences brain subtypes of VGSCs (Nav1.1\u20131.3 and Nav1.6). BmK AEP concentration-dependently suppresses neuronal excitability (AP firing) in primary cultured cortical neurons. Consistent with its inhibitory effect on AP generation, BmK AEP inhibits Na+ peak current in cortical neurons with an IC50 value of 2.12 \u00b5M by shifting the half-maximal voltage of activation of VGSC to hyperpolarized direction by ~7.83 mV without affecting the steady-state inactivation. Similar to its action on Na+ currents in cortical neurons, BmK AEP concentration-dependently suppresses the Na+ currents of Nav1.1, Nav1.3, and Nav1.6, which were heterologously expressed in HEK-293 cells, with IC50 values of 3.20, 1.46, and 0.39 \u00b5M with maximum inhibition of 82%, 56%, and 93%, respectively. BmK AEP shifts the voltage-dependent activation in the hyperpolarized direction by ~15.60 mV, ~9.97 mV, and ~6.73 mV in Nav1.1, Nav1.3, and Nav1.6, respectively, with minimal effect on steady-state inactivation. In contrast, BmK AEP minimally suppresses Nav1.2 currents (~15%) but delays the inactivation of the channel with an IC50 value of 1.69 \u00b5M. Considered together, these data demonstrate that BmK AEP is a relatively selective Nav1.6 gating modifier which distinctly affects the gating of brain subtypes of VGSCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T03:26:01Z","timestamp":1549855561000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["BmK AEP, an Anti-Epileptic Peptide Distinctly Affects the Gating of Brain Subtypes of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinglian","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2692-2949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.07.002","article-title":"Venom-derived peptide inhibitors of voltage-gated potassium channels","volume":"127","author":"Norton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.04.014","article-title":"The pharmacology of voltage-gated sodium channel activators","volume":"127","author":"Deuis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.10.004","article-title":"Scorpion toxin peptide action at the ion channel subunit level","volume":"127","author":"Housley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.10.016","article-title":"Block of voltage-gated calcium channels by peptide toxins","volume":"127","author":"Bourinet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1755-2","article-title":"Activation of sodium channels by \u03b1-scorpion toxin, BmK NT1, produced neurotoxicity in cerebellar granule cells: An association with intracellular Ca2+ overloading","volume":"91","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. 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