{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:52:17Z","timestamp":1791910337824,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the state of insulin deficiency, the growth hormone\u2014insulin-like growth factor-I (GH\u2013IGF-I) axis is altered due to hepatic GH resistance, which leads to GH hypersecretion and low circulating IGF-I concentration. On the other hand, both growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and GH excess have significant influence on carbohydrate metabolism. These complex interactions are challenging in diagnosing GHD in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and in treating subjects with T1DM with GH. So far, there is only limited clinical experience in GH treatment in patients with T1DM, but recently first reports on metabolic safety and efficacy of GH treatment in subjects with T1DM have been published.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T02:49:44Z","timestamp":1550026184000},"page":"772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mini Review\/Commentary: Growth Hormone Treatment in Children with Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Walter","family":"Bonfig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Technical University M\u00fcnchen, D-80804 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Grieskirchner Str. 42, A-4600 Wels, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard W.","family":"Holl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, D-89019 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranke, M., Price, D.A., and Reiter, E.O. 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Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1159\/000360856","article-title":"Combined therapy with insulin and growth hormone in 17 patients with type-1 diabetes and growth disorders","volume":"82","author":"Zucchini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0027","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid and protein metabolism in human subjects","volume":"30","author":"Moller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.151u109","article-title":"Growth, growth factors and diabetes","volume":"151","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.04.045","article-title":"Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdocumentationsystem Initiative of the German Working Group for Pediatric Diabetology; German Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung Competence Net for Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolic safety of growth hormone in type 1 diabetes and idiopathic growth hormone deficiency","volume":"163","author":"Bonfig","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.035","article-title":"Efficacy of growth hormone treatment in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and growth hormone deficiency\u2014An analysis of KIGS data","volume":"198","author":"Bonfig","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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Metab."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/3\/772\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:31:16Z","timestamp":1760185876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/3\/772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20030772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20030772","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]}}}