{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:01:34Z","timestamp":1790128894480,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,24]],"date-time":"2019-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015694","name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECRF 2014\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECRF 2014\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intraocular pressure (IOP) has a tendency to fluctuate throughout the day, reaching its peak in the early morning in healthy subjects or glaucoma patients. Likewise, histamine tone also fluctuates over time, being lower at nighttime. Numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between short-term IOP fluctuation and glaucoma progression; however, it has not yet been determined whether histamine plays a role in IOP fluctuations. The aim of this research was to establish the distribution of the histamine receptor proteins and respective mRNAs in the eye by western blot, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR in New Zealand rabbits. Furthermore, we used a transient ocular hypertension (OHT) model induced by injection of 50 \u00b5L of 5% hypertonic saline into the vitreous and a stable OHT model (100 \u00b5L 0.1% carbomer in the anterior chamber) to address the potential IOP-lowering ability of H3 receptor (H3R) antagonists (ciproxifan, DL76 and GSK189254). IOPs were performed with a Tono-Pen at baseline and 60, 120 and 240 min post treatment after transient OHT induction and, every day for 12 days in the stable OHT model. All histamine receptor subtypes were localized in the rabbit retina and ciliary body\/trabecular meshwork. All the treatments lowered IOP in a dose-dependent fashion between 0.3% and 1%. More specifically, the effects were maximal with ciproxifan at 60 min post-dose (IOP60 change = \u221218.84 \u00b1 4.85 mmHg, at 1%), remained stable until 120 min (IOP120 change = \u221216.38 \u00b1 3.8 mmHg, at 1%) and decayed thereafter to reach baseline values at 240 min. These effects were highly specific and dependent on histamine release as pre-treatment with imetit (H3R agonist, 1%) or pyrilamine (H1R antagonist, 1%) largely blocked ciproxifan-mediated effects. Color Doppler ultrasound examination was performed to evaluate changes in ophtalmic artery resistivity index (RI) before and after repeated dosing with DL 76, GSK189254, ciproxifan and timolol. Chronic treatments with H3R antagonists and timolol improved the vascular performance of ophthalmic arteries and reduced retinal ganglion cell death. Oxidative stress was also reduced and measured 8-Hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) expression, and by dihidroethydium (DHE) staining. These results demonstrated that the histamine system participates in IOP regulation and that H3R antagonists could represent a future promising therapy for glaucoma. Further studies should be focused on the long-term IOP circadian fluctuations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T03:06:52Z","timestamp":1551064012000},"page":"981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Role of Histamine H3 Receptor Antagonists on Intraocular Pressure Reduction in Rabbit Models of Transient Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Lanzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50130 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lucarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50130 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariaconcetta","family":"Durante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50130 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Sgambellone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50130 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Pini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Catarinicchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8454-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"\u0141a\u017cewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kie\u0107-Kononowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3336-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Masini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50130 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. 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