{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:16:38Z","timestamp":1792602998128,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the fact that Candida albicans is documented to be the main cause of human candidiasis, non-C. albicans Candida (NCAC) species, such as Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis, are also suggested to be implicated in the etiopathogenesis of opportunistic fungal infections. As biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, and antifungal resistance of NCAC species may be affected as a result of genomic diversity and plasticity, rapid and unambiguous identification of Candida species in clinical samples is essential for proper diagnosis and therapy. In the present study, 25 clinical isolates of C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis species were characterized in terms of their karyotype patterns, DNA content, and biochemical features. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra- and Raman spectra-based molecular fingerprints corresponded to the diversity of chromosomal traits and DNA levels that provided correct species identification. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy was documented to be useful for the evaluation of ergosterol content that may be associated with azole resistance. Taken together, we found that vibrational spectroscopy-based biochemical profiling reflects the variability of chromosome patterns and DNA content of clinical Candida species isolates and may facilitate the diagnosis and targeted therapy of candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T03:06:52Z","timestamp":1551064012000},"page":"988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy-Based Biochemical Profiling Reflects Genomic Diversity of Clinical Candida Isolates That May Be Useful for Diagnosis and Targeted Therapy of Candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Leszek","family":"Potocki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Depciuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Kuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Worek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lewinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Wnuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Calderone, R.A. (2002). Introduction and historical perspectives. Candida and Candidiasis, ASM Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.06.029","article-title":"Candidemia and invasive candidiasis in adults: A narrative review","volume":"34","author":"Antinori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4733.2002.51108.x","article-title":"The direct cost and incidence of systemic fungal infections","volume":"5","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.26","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume":"4","author":"Pappas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.001","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of healthcare-associated candidemia over three decades","volume":"73","author":"Diekema","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1086\/313583","article-title":"Prospective multicenter surveillance study of funguria in hospitalized patients. The National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Mycoses Study Group","volume":"30","author":"Kauffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60091-7","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis: An overview from Taiwan","volume":"108","author":"Ruan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2008.00447.x","article-title":"Oral candidiasis: A comparison between conventional methods and multiplex polymerase chain reaction for species identification","volume":"24","author":"Liguori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00937-08","article-title":"Trends in species distribution and susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida collected in Monterrey, Mexico, to seven antifungal agents: Results of a 3-year (2004 to 2007) surveillance study","volume":"46","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12781","article-title":"An outbreak due to Candida auris with prolonged colonisation and candidaemia in a tertiary care European hospital","volume":"61","author":"Moret","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x","article-title":"Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis: Biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance","volume":"36","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.10.011","article-title":"Cost savings with implementation of PNA FISH testing for identification of Candida albicans in blood cultures","volume":"54","author":"Alexander","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"65","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of invasive candidiasis","volume":"43","author":"Ellepola","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2018.07.638","article-title":"Methodologies for in vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy of antifungal and antibiofilm agents and surface coatings against fungal biofilms","volume":"5","author":"Dijck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00060-10","article-title":"Genomic plasticity of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans","volume":"9","author":"Selmecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman, J. (2016). Ploidy plasticity: A rapid and reversible strategy for adaptation to stress. FEMS Yeast Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/fow020"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todd, R.T., Forche, A., and Selmecki, A. (2017). Ploidy Variation in Fungi: Polyploidy, Aneuploidy, and Genome Evolution. Microbiol. Spectr., 5.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.FUNK-0051-2016"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"425","article-title":"Electrophoretic karyotypes and chromosome numbers in Candida species","volume":"133","author":"Magee","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6586","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.20.6586-6596.1991","article-title":"Variations of Candida albicans electrophoretic karyotypes","volume":"173","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-136-12-2433","article-title":"Variation in the electrophoretic karyotype analysed by the assignment of DNA probes in Candida albicans","volume":"136","author":"Iwaguchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.1.59-64.1994","article-title":"Variations in fluconazole susceptibility and electrophoretic karyotype among oral isolates of Candida albicans from patients with AIDS and oral candidiasis","volume":"32","author":"Pfaller","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.13.4041-4049.1999","article-title":"Specific chromosome alterations in fluconazole-resistant mutants of Candida albicans","volume":"181","author":"Perepnikhatka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11865","article-title":"The \u2018obligate diploid\u2019 Candida albicans forms mating-competent haploids","volume":"494","author":"Hickman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04492.x","article-title":"Comparative genome hybridization reveals widespread aneuploidy in Candida albicans laboratory strains","volume":"55","author":"Selmecki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, B.D., Hashemi, J., Bibi, M., Pulver, R., Bavli, D., Nahmias, Y., Wellington, M., Sapiro, G., and Berman, J. (2014). A tetraploid intermediate precedes aneuploid formation in yeasts exposed to fluconazole. PLoS Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001815"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03398.x","article-title":"Improved clinical laboratory identification of human pathogenic yeasts by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"17","author":"Bader","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01405-12","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system in a hospital clinical microbiology laboratory for identification of bacteria and yeasts: A bench-by-bench study for assessing the impact on time to identification and cost-effectiveness","volume":"50","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2031(01)00152-7","article-title":"FTIR characterization of Candida species: A study on some reference strains and pathogenic C. albicans isolates from HIV+ patients","volume":"28","author":"Sockalingum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vib. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.04.019","article-title":"Rapid identification of Candida species by FT-IR microspectroscopy","volume":"1724","author":"Essendoubi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colabella, C., Corte, L., Roscini, L., Shapaval, V., Kohler, A., Tafintseva, V., Tascini, C., and Cardinali, G. (2017). Merging FT-IR and NGS for simultaneous phenotypic and genotypic identification of pathogenic Candida species. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188104"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01103.x","article-title":"Rapid identification of Candida spp. in peritonitis patients by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"11","author":"Ibelings","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.2.594-600.2002","article-title":"Rapid identification of Candida species by confocal Raman microspectroscopy","volume":"40","author":"Maquelin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1196-2","article-title":"The application of UV resonance Raman spectroscopy for the differentiation of clinically relevant Candida species","volume":"410","author":"Silge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2636","article-title":"Growth of Candida albicans hyphae","volume":"9","author":"Sudbery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larone, D.H. (2011). Medically Important Fungi: A Guide to Identification, ASM Press.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555816605"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.148600","article-title":"Fine-resolution physical mapping of genomic diversity in Candida albicans","volume":"10","author":"Chibana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/1567-1364.12145","article-title":"Genome structure and dynamics of the yeast pathogen Candida glabrata","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02579","article-title":"Genome evolution in yeasts","volume":"430","author":"Dujon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01995","article-title":"Genetic Drivers of Multidrug Resistance in Candida glabrata","volume":"7","author":"Healey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2000.00555.x","article-title":"Karyotyping of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata from patients with Candida sepsis","volume":"43","author":"Rimek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00381-07","article-title":"Changes in karyotype and azole susceptibility of sequential bloodstream isolates from patients with Candida glabrata candidemia","volume":"45","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00699-07","article-title":"Assessment of Candida glabrata strain relatedness by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809793106","article-title":"Formation of new chromosomes as a virulence mechanism in yeast Candida glabrata","volume":"106","author":"Polakova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wertheimer, N.B., Stone, N., and Berman, J. (2016). Ploidy dynamics and evolvability in fungi. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 371.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0461"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.115.178020","article-title":"Parasexual Ploidy Reduction Drives Population Heterogeneity Through Random and Transient Aneuploidy in Candida albicans","volume":"200","author":"Hickman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.06.012","article-title":"A yeast by any other name: Candida glabrata and its interaction with the host","volume":"8","author":"Kaur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2013.01.008","article-title":"Ploidy variation as an adaptive mechanism in human pathogenic fungi","volume":"24","author":"Morrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128242","article-title":"Aneuploidy and isochromosome formation in drug-resistant Candida albicans","volume":"313","author":"Selmecki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06176.x","article-title":"An isochromosome confers drug resistance in vivo by amplification of two genes, ERG11 and TAC1","volume":"68","author":"Selmecki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv002","article-title":"Trisomy of chromosome R confers resistance to triazoles in Candida albicans","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000478","article-title":"A chromosome 4 trisomy contributes to increased fluconazole resistance in a clinical isolate of Candida albicans","volume":"163","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.062","article-title":"Spontaneous Changes in Ploidy Are Common in Yeast","volume":"28","author":"Harari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.116.029397","article-title":"Whole Genome Analysis of 132 Clinical Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains Reveals Extensive Ploidy Variation","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"G3 (Bethesda)"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/351081a0","article-title":"Microbiological characterizations by FT-IR spectroscopy","volume":"351","author":"Naumann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(02)00127-6","article-title":"Identification of medically relevant microorganisms by vibrational spectroscopy","volume":"51","author":"Maquelin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.036","article-title":"Using Raman spectroscopy to characterize biological materials","volume":"11","author":"Butler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.1.324-329.2003","article-title":"Prospective study of the performance of vibrational spectroscopies for rapid identification of bacterial and fungal pathogens recovered from blood cultures","volume":"41","author":"Maquelin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10601.x","article-title":"FTIR spectroscopic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls: Study of an anomalous strain exhibiting a pink-colored cell phenotype","volume":"197","author":"Galichet","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2008.04.007","article-title":"A FTIR microspectroscopy study of autolysis in cells of the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"47","author":"Burattini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vib. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihoubi, W., Sahli, E., Gargouri, A., and Amiel, C. (2017). FTIR spectroscopy of whole cells for the monitoring of yeast apoptosis mediated by p53 over-expression and its suppression by Nigella sativa extracts. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180680"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1039\/c1an15311k","article-title":"Imaging of lipids in atherosclerotic lesion in aorta from ApoE\/LDLR-\/- mice by FT-IR spectroscopy and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis","volume":"136","author":"Wrobel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583502003815","article-title":"What vibrations tell us about proteins","volume":"35","author":"Barth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13150","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13150","article-title":"The substrate matters in the Raman spectroscopy analysis of cells","volume":"5","author":"Mikoliunaite","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20682","article-title":"Vibrational spectroscopy-a powerful tool for the rapid identification of microbial cells at the single-cell level","volume":"75","author":"Harz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3332-3337.1999","article-title":"Quantitation of ergosterol content: Novel method for determination of fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans","volume":"37","author":"Jradi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"6585","article-title":"Sterol uptake and sterol biosynthesis act coordinately to mediate antifungal resistance in Candida glabrata under azole and hypoxic stress","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201200020","article-title":"On the origin of the 1602 cm\u22121 Raman band of yeasts; contribution of ergosterol","volume":"5","author":"Chiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30650","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5594","article-title":"Genome-wide array-CGH analysis reveals YRF1 gene copy number variation that modulates genetic stability in distillery yeasts","volume":"6","author":"Deregowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-51-1-49","article-title":"Heritable glycogen-storage deficiency in yeast and its induction by ultra-violet light","volume":"51","author":"Chester","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-016-0691-y","article-title":"Rapid in vivo lipid\/carbohydrate quantification of single microalgal cell by Raman spectral imaging to reveal salinity-induced starch-to-lipid shift","volume":"10","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W566","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv468","article-title":"ClustVis: A web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap","volume":"43","author":"Metsalu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/4\/988\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:34:31Z","timestamp":1760186071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/4\/988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20040988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20040988","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]}}}