{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:56:06Z","timestamp":1788382566996,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]],"date-time":"2019-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that have multipotent differentiation and a self-renewal ability. They have been useful not only for dental diseases, but also for systemic diseases. Extensive studies have suggested that DPSCs are effective for various diseases, such as spinal cord injuries, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, cerebral ischemia, myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, diabetes, liver diseases, eye diseases, immune diseases, and oral diseases. DPSCs have the potential for use in a cell-therapeutic paradigm shift to treat these diseases. It has also been reported that DPSCs have higher regenerative potential than the bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells known as representative MSCs. Therefore, DPSCs have recently gathered much attention. In this review, the therapeutic potential of DPSCs, the latest progress in the pre-clinical study for treatment of these various systemic diseases, and the clinical applications of DPSCs in regenerative medicine, are all summarized. Although challenges, including mechanisms of the effects and establishment of cell processing and transplantation methods for clinical use, still remain, DPSCs could be promising stem cells sources for various clinical applications, because of their easy isolation by a noninvasive procedure without ethical concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T10:52:22Z","timestamp":1551955942000},"page":"1132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":200,"title":["Clinical Potential and Current Progress of Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Various Systemic Diseases in Regenerative Medicine: A Concise Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Implantology, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17 Otemae Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shiroganedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Nakamura-Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Implantology, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17 Otemae Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Kusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Implantology, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17 Otemae Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Baba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Implantology, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17 Otemae Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0008, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057624","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3057624","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Immunomodulation: Properties and Clinical Application","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1300","article-title":"Injectable Bone Tissue Engineering Using Expanded Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"31","author":"Yamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"82","article-title":"A review of clinical trials: Mesenchymal stem cell transplant therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12086","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghiroldi, A., Piccoli, M., Cirillo, F., Monasky, M.M., Ciconte, G., Pappone, C., and Anastasia, L. (2018). Cell-Based Therapies for Cardiac Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Past and Ongoing Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103194"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, E.W., Kinder, H.A., and West, F.D. (2019). Neural stem cell therapy for stroke: A multimechanistic approach to restoring neurological function. Brain Behav., e01214.","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1214"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad, S., Weber, K., Walliser, U., Geburek, F., and Skutella, T. (2018). Stem Cell Therapy for Tendon Regeneration: Current Status and Future Directions. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2018_194"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13625","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.240309797","article-title":"Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo","volume":"97","author":"Gronthos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16627-0","article-title":"Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament","volume":"364","author":"Seo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2004.12.004","article-title":"Isolation of precursor cells (PCs) from human dental follicle of wisdom teeth","volume":"24","author":"Morsczeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.11.021","article-title":"Characterization of the apical papilla and its residing stem cells from human immature permanent teeth: A pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Sonoyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.425","article-title":"The lamina propria of adult human oral mucosa harbors a novel stem cell population","volume":"28","author":"Treves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.5466\/ijoms.3.41","article-title":"Expression of Odontoblastic-related Genes in Human Dental Follicle Cells, Dental Pulp Stem Cells, and Oral Mucosal Cells","volume":"3","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral-Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22203","article-title":"Expression profile of the embryonic markers nanog, OCT-4, SSEA-1, SSEA-4, and frizzled-9 receptor in human periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"225","author":"Trubiani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5651287","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5651287","article-title":"Stemness Maintenance Properties in Human Oral Stem Cells after Long-Term Passage","volume":"2017","author":"Diomede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.8.1671","article-title":"Fate of the mammalian cranial neural crest during tooth and mandibular morphogenesis","volume":"127","author":"Chai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5807","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0937635100","article-title":"SHED: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth","volume":"100","author":"Miura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.02.009","article-title":"Cluster analysis and gene expression profiles: A cDNA microarray system-based comparison between human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for tissue engineering cell therapy","volume":"27","author":"Yamada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.07.024","article-title":"Stem cell proliferation pathways comparison between human exfoliated deciduous teeth and dental pulp stem cells by gene expression profile from promising dental pulp","volume":"35","author":"Nakamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209891","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4209891","article-title":"Stem Cells of Dental Origin: Current Research Trends and Key Milestones towards Clinical Application","volume":"2016","author":"Bakopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2009.0732","article-title":"A feasibility of useful cell-based therapy by bone regeneration with deciduous tooth stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, or bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for clinical study using tissue engineering technology","volume":"16","author":"Yamada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-007-0467-6","article-title":"Stem cells and tooth tissue engineering","volume":"331","author":"Yen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2014.12.019","article-title":"Role of angiogenesis in endodontics: Contributions of stem cells and proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors to dental pulp regeneration","volume":"41","author":"Saghiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2015.0488","article-title":"An Overview of Protocols for the Neural Induction of Dental and Oral Stem Cells In Vitro","volume":"22","author":"Heng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0979","article-title":"Adult human dental pulp stem cells differentiate toward functionally active neurons under appropriate environmental cues","volume":"26","author":"Arthur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2008.0292","article-title":"Cardiac differentiation is driven by NKX2.5 and GATA4 nuclear translocation in tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"18","author":"Bartual","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.12.022","article-title":"Deciduous and permanent dental pulp mesenchymal cells acquire hepatic morphologic and functional features in vitro","volume":"36","author":"Ishkitiev","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2013.10.005","article-title":"Multilineage potential and proteomic profiling of human dental stem cells derived from a single donor","volume":"320","author":"Patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2008.0012","article-title":"Human dental pulp stem cells differentiate into neural crest-derived melanocytes and have label-retaining and sphere-forming abilities","volume":"17","author":"Stevens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2398","article-title":"Concise Review: Dental Pulp Stem Cells: A Novel Cell Therapy for Retinal and Central Nervous System Repair","volume":"35","author":"Mead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"80","article-title":"Human dental pulp-derived stem cells promote locomotor recovery after complete transection of the rat spinal cord by multiple neuro-regenerative mechanisms","volume":"122","author":"Sakai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0285","article-title":"Putative dental pulp-derived stem\/stromal cells promote proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural cells in the hippocampus of mice","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.10.045","article-title":"Stimulation of angiogenesis, neurogenesis and regeneration by side population cells from dental pulp","volume":"34","author":"Ishizaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2011.0408","article-title":"Transplantation of undifferentiated and induced human exfoliated deciduous teeth-derived stem cells promote functional recovery of rat spinal cord contusion injury model","volume":"21","author":"Taghipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026005","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa596b","article-title":"Potential of human dental stem cells in repairing the complete transection of rat spinal cord","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.03.015","article-title":"Neuroprotector effect of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth transplanted after traumatic spinal cord injury involves inhibition of early neuronal apoptosis","volume":"1663","author":"Nicola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2009.0258","article-title":"Stem cells from human-exfoliated deciduous teeth can differentiate into dopaminergic neuron-like cells","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.04.001","article-title":"Dopaminergic differentiation of stem cells from human deciduous teeth and their therapeutic benefits for Parkinsonian rats","volume":"1613","author":"Fujii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.09.042","article-title":"Human dental pulp stem cells protect mouse dopaminergic neurons against MPP+ or rotenone","volume":"1367","author":"Nesti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0135-3","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect of dental pulp cells in models of Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"Apel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. (Vienna)"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10767","article-title":"Dental pulp stem cells promote regeneration of damaged neuron cells on the cellular model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0306","article-title":"Dental pulp-derived CD31\u2212\/CD146\u2212 side population stem\/progenitor cells enhance recovery of focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"17","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2011-0039","article-title":"Human adult dental pulp stem cells enhance poststroke functional recovery through non-neural replacement mechanisms","volume":"1","author":"Leong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.3727\/096368916X694391","article-title":"Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Are More Effective Than Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cerebral Ischemic Injury","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1159\/000486772","article-title":"Transplanted Dental Pulp Stem Cells Migrate to Injured Area and Express Neural Markers in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0484","article-title":"Human dental pulp stem cells improve left ventricular function, induce angiogenesis, and reduce infarct size in rats with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"26","author":"Gandia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-6-35","article-title":"Early transplantation of human immature dental pulp stem cells from baby teeth to golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs: Local or systemic?","volume":"6","author":"Kerkis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0141-y","article-title":"Stem cells isolated from human dental pulp and amniotic fluid improve skeletal muscle histopathology in mdx\/SCID mice","volume":"6","author":"Pisciotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0621-3","article-title":"Human dental pulp pluripotent-like stem cells promote wound healing and muscle regeneration","volume":"8","author":"Montori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.05.008","article-title":"Transplantation of islet-like cell clusters derived from human dental pulp stem cells restores normoglycemia in diabetic mice","volume":"15","author":"Kanafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X657972","article-title":"Transplantation of stem cells obtained from murine dental pulp improves pancreatic damage, renal function, and painful diabetic neuropathy in diabetic type 1 mouse model","volume":"22","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12452","article-title":"Transplantation of dental pulp stem cells suppressed inflammation in sciatic nerves by promoting macrophage polarization towards anti-inflammation phenotypes and ameliorated diabetic polyneuropathy","volume":"7","author":"Omi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2017.07.009","article-title":"Functional recovery upon human dental pulp stem cell transplantation in a diabetic neuropathy rat model","volume":"19","author":"Datta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0154-6","article-title":"In vivo hepatogenic capacity and therapeutic potential of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth in liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"6","author":"Yamaza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12198","article-title":"Melatonin promotes hepatic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells: Clinical implications for the prevention of liver fibrosis","volume":"58","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516659642","article-title":"PIN1 Suppresses the Hepatic Differentiation of Pulp Stem Cells via Wnt3a","volume":"95","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2014-0115","article-title":"Dental pulp stem cells: A new cellular resource for corneal stromal regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4029","article-title":"Corneal reconstruction with tissue-engineered cell sheets composed of human immature dental pulp stem cells","volume":"51","author":"Gomes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5192","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17953","article-title":"Regeneration of Corneal Epithelium with Dental Pulp Stem Cells Using a Contact Lens Delivery System","volume":"57","author":"Kushnerev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2015.12.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-mediated neuroprotection and functional preservation of retinal ganglion cells in a rodent model of glaucoma","volume":"18","author":"Mead","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt5","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth","volume":"1","author":"Yamaza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2010.0615","article-title":"Complete pulp regeneration after pulpectomy by transplantation of CD105+ stem cells with stromal cell-derived factor-1","volume":"17","author":"Iohara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513505772","article-title":"Dental pulp tissue engineering in full-length human root canals","volume":"92","author":"Rosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1563\/AAID-JOI-D-12-00027","article-title":"Autologous dental pulp stem cells in regeneration of defect created in canine periodontal tissue","volume":"39","author":"Khorsand","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0400","article-title":"Dental pulp cells produce neurotrophic factors, interact with trigeminal neurons in vitro, and rescue motoneurons after spinal cord injury","volume":"238","author":"Nosrat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25314","article-title":"Differential Neuronal Plasticity of Dental Pulp Stem Cells from Exfoliated Deciduous and Permanent Teeth Towards Dopaminergic Neurons","volume":"231","author":"Majumdar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0567-5","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease, dementia, and stem cell therapy","volume":"8","author":"Duncan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0393","article-title":"A novel stem cell source for vasculogenesis in ischemia: Subfraction of side population cells from dental pulp","volume":"26","author":"Iohara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16295","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16295","article-title":"Dental pulp-derived stem cell conditioned medium reduces cardiac injury following ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"5","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510396879","article-title":"Differentiation of dental pulp stem cells into islet-like aggregates","volume":"90","author":"Govindasamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2009.00623.x","article-title":"Human immature dental pulp stem cells share key characteristic features with limbal stem cells","volume":"42","author":"Monteiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2015.02.003","article-title":"Stem cell treatment of degenerative eye disease","volume":"14","author":"Mead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.12.069","article-title":"Dental pulp stem cells differentiation into retinal ganglion-like cells in a three-dimensional network","volume":"457","author":"Roozafzoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000173794.72151.88","article-title":"Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells with immunosuppressive activity can be easily isolated from dental pulp","volume":"80","author":"Pierdomenico","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.09.005","article-title":"Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Suppress Alloantigen-induced Immunity by Stimulating T Cells to Release Transforming Growth Factor Beta","volume":"43","author":"Kwack","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0506-5","article-title":"Pulp regeneration by transplantation of dental pulp stem cells in pulpitis: A pilot clinical study","volume":"8","author":"Nakashima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.06.014","article-title":"Recent Progress in Translation from Bench to a Pilot Clinical Study on Total Pulp Regeneration","volume":"43","author":"Nakashima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf3227","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf3227","article-title":"Deciduous autologous tooth stem cells regenerate dental pulp after implantation into injured teeth","volume":"10","author":"Xuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.3727\/096368910X539128","article-title":"Promising cell-based therapy for bone regeneration using stem cells from deciduous teeth, dental pulp, and bone marrow","volume":"20","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"947","article-title":"Osteogenic potential of effective bone engineering using dental pulp stem cells, bone marrow stem cells, and periosteal cells for osseointegration of dental implants","volume":"26","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.08.023","article-title":"Potential characteristics of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth compared with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells for mineralized tissue-forming cell biology","volume":"37","author":"Hara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Yamada, Y., Nakamura, S., and Kazaoka, Y. (2016, January 17\u201320). Dental Pulp Stem Cell Therapy in Bone Regeneration for Dental Implants. Proceedings of the 31th Anniversary Meeting of Academy of Osseointegration, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v018a07","article-title":"Human mandible bone defect repair by the grafting of dental pulp stem\/progenitor cells and collagen sponge biocomplexes","volume":"18","author":"Lanza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2012-0136","article-title":"Three years after transplants in human mandibles, histological and in-line holotomography revealed that stem cells regenerated a compact rather than a spongy bone: Biological and clinical implications","volume":"2","author":"Giuliani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.3425","article-title":"Regenerative Treatment of Periodontal Intrabony Defects Using Autologous Dental Pulp Stem Cells: A 1-Year Follow-Up Case Series","volume":"38","author":"Aimetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodont. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493016641111","article-title":"TOOTH (The Open study Of dental pulp stem cell Therapy in Humans): Study protocol for evaluating safety and feasibility of autologous human adult dental pulp stem cell therapy in patients with chronic disability after stroke","volume":"11","author":"Nagpal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deuse, T., Hu, X., Gravina, A., Wang, D., Tediashvili, G., De, C., Thayer, W.O., Wahl, A., Garcia, J.V., and Reichenspurner, H. (2019). Hypoimmunogenic derivatives of induced pluripotent stem cells evade immune rejection in fully immunocompetent allogeneic recipients. Nat. Biotechnol.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1705474"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/5\/1132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:36:34Z","timestamp":1760186194000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/5\/1132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20051132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20051132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]}}}