{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:40:12Z","timestamp":1789501212348,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains the single biggest infectious cause of death globally, claiming almost two million lives and causing disease in over 10 million individuals annually. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes with various physiological roles implicated as key factors contributing to the spread of TB. They are involved in the breakdown of lung extracellular matrix and the consequent release of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli into the airways. Evidence demonstrates that MMPs also play a role in central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis, as they contribute to the breakdown of the blood brain barrier and are associated with poor outcome in adults with tuberculous meningitis (TBM). However, in pediatric TBM, data indicate that MMPs may play a role in both pathology and recovery of the developing brain. MMPs also have a significant role in HIV-TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the lungs and the brain, and their modulation offers potential novel therapeutic avenues. This is a review of recent research on MMPs in pulmonary and CNS TB in adults and children and in the context of co-infection with HIV. We summarize different methods of MMP investigation and discuss the translational implications of MMP inhibition to reduce immunopathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T12:18:53Z","timestamp":1552911533000},"page":"1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Matrix Metalloproteinases in Pulmonary and Central Nervous System Tuberculosis\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4469-4935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula K.","family":"Rohlwink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi F.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TB Centre and Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8571-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro A.","family":"Ordonez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"},{"name":"Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1349-3188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan J.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth W.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Johns Hopkins All Children\u2019s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul T.","family":"Elkington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2753-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin A.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2018). 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