{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:20:16Z","timestamp":1790162416724,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia - FCT","award":["GHTM-UID\/multi\/04413\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/multi\/04413\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, responsible for animal and human trypanosomiasis, has a family of major surface proteases (MSPs) and phospholipase-C (PLC), both involved in some mechanisms of virulence during mammalian infections. During parasitism in the mammalian host, this protozoan is exclusively extracellular and presents a robust mechanism of antigenic variation that allows the persistence of infection. There has been incredible progress in our understanding of how variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs) are organised and expressed, and how expression is switched, particularly through recombination. The objective of this manuscript is to create a reflection about the mechanisms of antigenic variation in T. brucei, more specifically, in the process of variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) release. We firstly explore the mechanism of VSG release as a potential pathway and target for the development of anti-T. brucei drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T06:56:52Z","timestamp":1553497012000},"page":"1484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Trypanosoma brucei Interaction with Host: Mechanism of VSG Release as Target for Drug Discovery for African Trypanosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6948-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udia Jassica Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Bioqu\u00edmica, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1208-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Tempor\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2775-412 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8626-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taffarel","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas e da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal Rural de Semi-\u00e1rido, Mossor\u00f3 59625-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1000-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Sousa Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Bioqu\u00edmica, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de An\u00e1lises Cl\u00ednicas e Toxicol\u00f3gicas, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil"},{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2126","article-title":"An overview of Trypanosoma brucei infections: An intense host-parasite interaction","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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