{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:03:06Z","timestamp":1773921786873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The repair capacity of progenitor skeletal muscle satellite cells (SC) in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is decreased. This is associated with the loss of skeletal muscle function. In T1DM, the deficiency of C-peptide along with insulin is associated with an impairment of skeletal muscle functions such as growth, and repair, and is thought to be an important contributor to increased morbidity and mortality. Recently, cholesterol-lowering drugs (statins) have also been reported to increase the risk of skeletal muscle dysfunction. We hypothesised that C-peptide activates key signaling pathways in myoblasts, thus promoting cell survival and protecting against simvastatin-induced myotoxicity. This was tested by investigating the effects of C-peptide on the L6 rat myoblast cell line under serum-starved conditions. Results: C-peptide at concentrations as low as 0.03 nM exerted stimulatory effects on intracellular signaling pathways\u2014MAP kinase (ERK1\/2) and Akt. When apoptosis was induced by simvastatin, 3 nM C-peptide potently suppressed the apoptotic effect through a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway. Simvastatin strongly impaired Akt signaling and stimulated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; suggesting that Akt signaling and oxidative stress are important factors in statin-induced apoptosis in L6 myoblasts. The findings indicate that C-peptide exerts an important protective effect against death signaling in myoblasts. Therefore, in T1DM, the deficiency of C-peptide may contribute to myopathy by rendering myoblast-like progenitor cells (involved in muscle regeneration) more susceptible to the toxic effects of insults such as simvastatin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T03:13:42Z","timestamp":1554347622000},"page":"1654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Proinsulin C-Peptide Enhances Cell Survival and Protects against Simvastatin-Induced Myotoxicity in L6 Rat Myoblasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sumia Mohamed","family":"Essid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7 RH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Bevington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7 RH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7109-7108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigel J.","family":"Brunskill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7 RH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"379","article-title":"Diabetic myopathy: Impact of diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle progenitor cells","volume":"4","author":"Hawke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. 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