{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T03:27:11Z","timestamp":1767842831560,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia through the Science Fund","award":["5450817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5450817"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grants Scheme (FRGS), Ministry of Education, Malaysia","award":["5524401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5524401"]}]},{"name":"Putra Grants of Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia","award":["9436300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9436300"]}]},{"name":"Putra Grants of Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia","award":["9503900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9503900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been employed in numerous pre-clinical and clinical settings for various diseases. MSCs have been used in treating degenerative disorders pertaining to the eye, for example, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and optic neuritis. Despite the known therapeutic role and mechanisms of MSCs, low cell precision towards the targeted area and cell survivability at tissue needing repair often resulted in a disparity in therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we will discuss the current and feasible strategy options to enhance treatment outcomes with MSC therapy. We will review the application of various types of biomaterials and advances in nanotechnology, which have been employed on MSCs to augment cellular function and differentiation for improving treatment of visual functions. In addition, several modes of gene delivery into MSCs and the types of associated therapeutic genes that are important for modulation of ocular tissue function and repair will be highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T11:25:08Z","timestamp":1554895508000},"page":"1784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Empowering Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ocular Degenerative Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Shirley Suet Lee","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0505-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh Kumar","family":"Subbiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Safwan Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&amp;M Health Science Center, Texas University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Farhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University,  P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72442, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9688-0716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooi Ling","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University,  P.O. Box 2014, Sakaka 72442, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, S.L.S., Kumar, S., and Mok, P.L. (2017). Cellular reparative mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells for retinal diseases. 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