{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:03:30Z","timestamp":1769731410524,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]],"date-time":"2019-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IG17527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG17527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002426","name":"Fondazione Telethon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GGP12095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GGP12095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002426","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma multiforme and medulloblastoma are the most frequent high-grade brain tumors in adults and children, respectively. Standard therapies for these cancers are mainly based on surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, intrinsic or acquired resistance to treatment occurs almost invariably in the first case, and side effects are unacceptable in the second. Therefore, the development of new, effective drugs is a very important unmet medical need. A critical requirement for developing such agents is to identify druggable targets required for the proliferation or survival of tumor cells, but not of other cell types. Under this perspective, genes mutated in congenital microcephaly represent interesting candidates. Congenital microcephaly comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders in which brain volume is reduced, in the absence or presence of variable syndromic features. Genetic studies have clarified that most microcephaly genes encode ubiquitous proteins involved in mitosis and in maintenance of genomic stability, but the effects of their inactivation are particularly strong in neural progenitors. It is therefore conceivable that the inhibition of the function of these genes may specifically affect the proliferation and survival of brain tumor cells. Microcephaly genes encode for a few kinases, including CITK, PLK4, AKT3, DYRK1A, and TRIO. In this review, we summarize the evidence indicating that the inhibition of these molecules could exert beneficial effects on different aspects of brain cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T02:57:32Z","timestamp":1556506652000},"page":"2098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Precision Revisited: Targeting Microcephaly Kinases in Brain Tumors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Gianmarco","family":"Pallavicini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaia E.","family":"Berto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Di Cunto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0922-z","article-title":"Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: The current consensus","volume":"123","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. 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