{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:18:34Z","timestamp":1790047114612,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In spite of therapeutic improvements in the treatment of different hematologic malignancies, the prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated solely with conventional induction and consolidation chemotherapy remains poor, especially in association with high risk chromosomal or molecular aberrations. Recent discoveries describe the complex interaction of immune effector cells, as well as the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in the development, maintenance and progression of AML. Lipids, and in particular omega-3 as well as omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to play a vital role as signaling molecules of immune processes in numerous benign and malignant conditions. While the majority of research in cancer has been focused on the role of lipid mediators in solid tumors, some data are showing their involvement also in hematologic malignancies. There is a considerable amount of evidence that AML cells are targetable by innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, paving the way for immune therapy approaches in AML. In this article we review the current data showing the lipid mediator and lipidome patterns in AML and their potential links to immune mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]],"date-time":"2019-05-16T11:21:22Z","timestamp":1558005682000},"page":"2425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Role for Lipid Mediators in Acute Myeloid Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Loew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine B, Ruppin General Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"K\u00f6hnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Rehbeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine B, Ruppin General Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Pietzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine B, Ruppin General Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten-H.","family":"Weylandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine B, Ruppin General Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School, 16816 Neuruppin, Germany"},{"name":"Medical Department, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Siegel","year":"2014","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404401","article-title":"Gene expression profiles of AML derived stem cells; similarity to hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Gal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3062","article-title":"Detection, isolation, and stimulation of quiescent primitive leukemic progenitor cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)","volume":"101","author":"Guan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2415","article-title":"Stem cell gene expression programs influence clinical outcome in human leukemia","volume":"17","author":"Eppert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-08-077941","article-title":"Stem cell concepts renew cancer research","volume":"112","author":"Dick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-010-0968-0","article-title":"2011: The immune hallmarks of cancer","volume":"60","author":"Cavallo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2015.03.006","article-title":"Immunotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"52","author":"Lichtenegger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-017-3148-x","article-title":"The progress and current status of immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.10.100","article-title":"Immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML): A potent alternative therapy","volume":"97","author":"Acheampong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.12.145","article-title":"Current strategies in immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"5","author":"Lichtenegger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1104901","article-title":"The human plasma lipidome","volume":"365","author":"Quehenberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-018-9754-9","article-title":"Targeting lipid mediators in cancer biology","volume":"37","author":"Sulciner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3483","article-title":"Cancer metabolism: Fatty acid oxidation in the limelight","volume":"13","author":"Carracedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuani, L., Riols, F., Millard, P., Sabatier, M., Batut, A., Saland, E., Viars, F., Tonini, L., Zaghdoudi, S., and Linares, L.K. (2018). Stable Isotope Labeling Highlights Enhanced Fatty Acid and Lipid Metabolism in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113325"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)40020-3","article-title":"Cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids of normal immature neutrophils: Comparison with acute myeloblastic leukemia cells and normal neutrophils","volume":"20","author":"Klock","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2017.03.002","article-title":"The plasma lipidome in acute myeloid leukemia at diagnosis in relation to clinical disease features","volume":"7","author":"Pabst","year":"2017","journal-title":"BBA Clin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanko, A., Thiede, C., Ehninger, G., Simons, K., and Grzybek, M. (2017). Lipidomic approach for stratification of acute myeloid leukemia patients. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168781"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2010.07.005","article-title":"Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute inflammation and resolution","volume":"50","author":"Stables","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.1999.35.4-5.552200","article-title":"Structure of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and their interaction with inhibitors","volume":"35","author":"Bakhle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drugs Today"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.216","article-title":"Eicosanoid regulation of hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem and progenitor trafficking","volume":"24","author":"Hoggatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-07-515288","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 enhances long-term repopulation but does not permanently alter inherent stem cell competitiveness","volume":"122","author":"Hoggatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2006.03.005","article-title":"Prostaglandins in health and disease: An overview","volume":"36","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200113416","article-title":"Mixed messages: Modulation of inflammation and immune responses by prostaglandins and thromboxanes","volume":"108","author":"Tilley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)02154-8","article-title":"Prostaglandins as modulators of immunity","volume":"23","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2005.12.017","article-title":"PGE(2) receptor subtype functionality on immature forms of human leukemic blasts","volume":"30","author":"Malissein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11613","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R600038200","article-title":"Prostaglandin E receptors","volume":"282","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.07.008","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2-induced inflammation: Relevance of prostaglandin E receptors","volume":"1851","author":"Kawahara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.14.209","article-title":"Advances in the biology of lung cancer chemoprevention","volume":"23","author":"Hirsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.08.005","article-title":"15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase as a novel molecular target for cancer chemoprevention and therapy","volume":"82","author":"Na","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13467","article-title":"Downregulation of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase by interleukin-1\u03b2 from activated macrophages leads to poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer","volume":"109","author":"Arima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0510-y","article-title":"Inhibition of 15-PGDH causes Kras-driven tumor expansion through prostaglandin E2-ALDH1 signaling in the pancreas","volume":"38","author":"Arima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.17.5335","article-title":"Lipoxins: Novel series of biologically active compounds formed from arachidonic acid in human leukocytes","volume":"81","author":"Serhan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2018.10.007","article-title":"Eicosanoid and Specialized Proresolving Mediator Regulation of Lymphoid Cells","volume":"44","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F189","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00224.2003","article-title":"Lipoxins: Endogenous regulators of inflammation","volume":"286","author":"McMahon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2009.01.008","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: New twists in an old tale","volume":"91","author":"Calder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.331","article-title":"Dose-related effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on innate immune function in healthy humans: A comparison of young and older men","volume":"83","author":"Rees","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0334211100","article-title":"Differential effects of prostaglandin derived from omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on COX-2 expression and IL-6 secretion","volume":"100","author":"Bagga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2010.72","article-title":"Resolvins as regulators of the immune system","volume":"10","author":"Seki","year":"2010","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300455-JLR200","article-title":"Formation and antiproliferative effect of prostaglandin E(3) from eicosapentaenoic acid in human lung cancer cells","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1.39","article-title":"Protective effect of fish oil supplementation on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma","volume":"129","author":"Mickleborough","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M047357","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 fatty acids modulate the eicosanoid profile in man primarily via the CYP-epoxygenase pathway","volume":"55","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.10.016","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of omega-3 fatty acid-derived epoxyeicosanoids in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases","volume":"183","author":"Schunck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2012.01.005","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and their lipid mediators: Towards an understanding of resolvin and protectin formation","volume":"97","author":"Weylandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.8.1197","article-title":"Novel functional sets of lipid-derived mediators with antiinflammatory actions generated from omega-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase 2-nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and transcellular processing","volume":"192","author":"Serhan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90199-X","article-title":"The nuclear receptor superfamily: The second decade","volume":"83","author":"Mangelsdorf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.8.1319","article-title":"Tissue Distribution and Quantification of the Expression of mRNAs of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Liver X Receptor- in Humans: No Alteration in Adipose Tissue of Obese and NIDDM Patients","volume":"46","author":"Auboeuf","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110050622","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): Nuclear receptors at the crossroads between lipid metabolism and inflammation","volume":"49","author":"Chinetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.01.018","article-title":"The influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) ligands on cancer cell tumorigenicity","volume":"649","author":"Yousefnia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.01.020","article-title":"Anti-leukemic effects of PPAR\u03b3 ligands","volume":"418","author":"Ryu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-011-0523-6","article-title":"The inflammatory network in the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment: Lessons from mouse models","volume":"47","author":"Oshima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07205","article-title":"Cancer-related inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Mantovani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.025","article-title":"Immunity, inflammation, and cancer","volume":"140","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5507","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711798347207","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators hold the key to dendritic cell suppression and tumor progression","volume":"18","author":"Sheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4333","article-title":"Prostanoids play a major role in the primary tumor-induced inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation","volume":"168","author":"Sombroek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2013.01.001","article-title":"The ratio between dendritic cells and T cells determines whether prostaglandin E2 has a stimulatory or inhibitory effect","volume":"281","author":"Liebig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12036","article-title":"The immunosuppressive tumour network: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells and natural killer T cells","volume":"138","author":"Lindau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2011.08.004","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation in cancer by eicosanoids","volume":"96","author":"Greene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2012.695417","article-title":"PGE(2)-driven induction and maintenance of cancer-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"41","author":"Obermajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4507","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-4174","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 promotes tumor progression by inducing myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"67","author":"Sinha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612920114","article-title":"COX2\/mPGES1\/PGE2 pathway regulates PD-L1 expression in tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"114","author":"Prima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70155-3","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in melanoma: The final hurdle towards effective immunotherapy?","volume":"13","author":"Jacobs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.v14.i1.40","article-title":"Role for the cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway in suppression of antitumor immune responses by regulatory T cells","volume":"14","author":"Yaqub","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncog."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101029","article-title":"Regulation of Immune Responses by Prostaglandin E2","volume":"188","author":"Kalinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-11-468264","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin expands regulatory T cells via induction of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 in human dendritic cells","volume":"122","author":"Trinath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2005.00537.x","article-title":"Increased population of CD4(+)CD25(high), regulatory T cells with their higher apoptotic and proliferating status in peripheral blood of acute myeloid leukemia patients","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-03-275446","article-title":"Program death-1 signaling and regulatory T cells collaborate to resist the function of adoptively transferred cytotoxic T lymphocytes in advanced acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"116","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10132","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules180910132","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition constrains indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity in acute myeloid leukaemia cells","volume":"18","author":"Iachininoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-3010","article-title":"Increased frequency and suppression by regulatory T cells in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"15","author":"Szczepanski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170681","article-title":"Resolvins suppress tumor growth and enhance cancer therapy","volume":"215","author":"Sulciner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.72.5.986","article-title":"TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) up-regulates cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 activity and PGE(2) production in cells of the myeloid lineage","volume":"72","author":"Secchiero","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05883","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 regulates vertebrate haematopoietic stem cell homeostasis","volume":"447","author":"North","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2014.02.002","article-title":"Inhibition of DPP4\/CD26 and dmPGE\u2082 treatment enhances engraftment of mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"53","author":"Broxmeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-01-201335","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 enhances hematopoietic stem cell homing, survival, and proliferation","volume":"113","author":"Hoggatt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2014.07.030","article-title":"Getting more for your marrow: Boosting hematopoietic stem cell numbers with PGE2","volume":"329","author":"Hagedorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-05-503177","article-title":"Prostaglandin-modulated umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"122","author":"Cutler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.178376","article-title":"A second-generation 15-PGDH inhibitor promotes bone marrow transplant recovery independently of age, transplant dose and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support","volume":"103","author":"Desai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"515","article-title":"Regulation of human myelopoiesis by prostaglandin E and lactoferrin","volume":"14","author":"Pelus","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Kinet."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"2507","article-title":"Insensitivity of chronic myeloid leukemia cells to inhibition of growth by prostaglandin E1","volume":"40","author":"Aglietta","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14569","article-title":"Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids enhance embryonic haematopoiesis and adult marrow engraftment","volume":"523","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9252","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806077115","article-title":"Specific oxylipins enhance vertebrate hematopoiesis via the receptor GPR132","volume":"115","author":"Lahvic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143109","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/143109","article-title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: The Way Forward in Times of Mixed Evidence","volume":"2015","author":"Weylandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"119","article-title":"Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on regulatory T cells in hematologic neoplasms","volume":"35","author":"Nunes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Hematol. Hemoter."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.168658","article-title":"Trans Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Increased Risk and n3 Fatty Acid Intake with Reduced Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"143","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-013-0741-2","article-title":"Distribution of plasma fatty acids is associated with response to chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma patients","volume":"30","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2018.1502328","article-title":"Low Plasma Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels May Predict Inferior Prognosis in Untreated Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A New Modifiable Dietary Biomarker?","volume":"70","author":"Thanarajasingam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2014.847471","article-title":"Dietary intakes and risk of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)","volume":"66","author":"Peeters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.05.021","article-title":"Combination therapy of omega-3 fatty acids and acipimox for children with hypertriglyceridemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Salvador","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12471","article-title":"Oral fish oil positively influences nutritional-inflammatory risk in patients with haematological malignancies during chemotherapy with an impact on long-term survival: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Chagas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-008-3263-5","article-title":"The Antiproliferative Effect of EPA in HL60 Cells is Mediated by Alterations in Calcium Homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Slagsvold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.8.4.7334","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid induces dose dependent cell death in an early undifferentiated subtype of acute myeloid leukemia cell line","volume":"8","author":"Yamagami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurczyszyn, A., Czepiel, J., Gdula-Argasi\u0144ska, J., Czapkiewicz, A., Biesiada, G., Dr\u00f3\u017cd\u017c, M., Perucki, W., and Castillo, J.J. (2014). Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in multiple myeloma patients. Leuk. Res., 1260\u20131265.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2014.08.009"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11858","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24405","article-title":"Effects of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA and DHA, on hematological malignancies: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Moloudizargari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2009.36","article-title":"Genes encoding multiple forms of phospholipase A(2) are expressed in immature forms of human leukemic blasts","volume":"23","author":"Fiancette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2847","article-title":"Identification of small molecules that support human leukemia stem cell activity ex vivo","volume":"11","author":"Pabst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"217","article-title":"Phenotypic evaluation of chronic myeloid leukemia","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"1981","journal-title":"Blood Cells"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Abnormal modulation of granulocyte\/macrophage progenitor proliferation by prostaglandin E in chronic myeloproliferative disorders","volume":"8","author":"Taetle","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1983.1.10.627","article-title":"Marrow cytogenetic and cell-culture analyses of the myelodysplastic syndromes: Insights to pathophysiology and prognosis","volume":"1","author":"Gold","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.34.6346","article-title":"Long-Term Use of Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Risk of Hematologic Malignancies: Results From the Prospective Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) Study","volume":"29","author":"Walter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000227567","article-title":"Effect on leukemia cell numbers of in vivo administration of immunotherapeutic agents is age-dependent","volume":"53","author":"Dussault","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186624","article-title":"The Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway is required for the development of leukemia stem cells in AML","volume":"327","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22786","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-1, but not -2, in blast cells of patients with acute leukemia","volume":"121","author":"Truffinet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.071571","article-title":"Impact of the cyclooxygenase system on doxorubicin-induced functional multidrug resistance 1 overexpression and doxorubicin sensitivity in acute myeloid leukemic HL-60 cells","volume":"312","author":"Puhlmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-0921","article-title":"An ARC-regulated IL1\u03b2\/Cox-2\/PGE2\/\u03b2-catenin\/ARC circuit controls leukemia-microenvironment interactions and confers drug resistance in AML","volume":"79","author":"Carter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20054","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7911","article-title":"Anti-apoptotic ARC protein confers chemoresistance by controlling leukemia-microenvironment interactions through a NF\u03baB\/IL1\u03b2 signaling network","volume":"7","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1907","article-title":"Microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 in breast cancer: A potential target for therapy","volume":"208","author":"Mehrotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-006-9001-4","article-title":"Clinical implications of microsomal prostaglandin e synthase-1 overexpression in human non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-011-0954-0","article-title":"MK886 inhibits the proliferation of HL-60 leukemia cells by suppressing the expression of mPGES-1 and reducing prostaglandin E2 synthesis","volume":"94","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S423","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800094-JLR200","article-title":"Prostanoids in health and disease","volume":"50","author":"Smyth","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"5093","article-title":"Role of the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP1 in colon carcinogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Watanabe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"28","article-title":"Involvement of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP(4) in colon carcinogenesis","volume":"62","author":"Mutoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.028787","article-title":"Downregulation of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3 during colon cancer development","volume":"53","author":"Shoji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1154","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of pediatric acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"104","author":"Ross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-02-0578","article-title":"Identification of a gene expression signature associated with pediatric AML prognosis","volume":"102","author":"Yagi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20877","article-title":"Functional EP2 receptors on blast cells of patients with acute leukemia","volume":"115","author":"Denizot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6909","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-317750","article-title":"\u039412-prostaglandin J3, an omega-3 fatty acid\u2013derived metabolite, selectively ablates leukemia stem cells in mice","volume":"118","author":"Hegde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-10-0173","article-title":"Lipoxin A4 and its analogue suppress the tumor growth of transplanted H22 in mice: The role of antiangiogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V78.11.2989.2989","article-title":"Deficient lipoxin synthesis: A novel platelet dysfunction in myeloproliferative disorders with special reference to blastic crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"78","author":"Stenke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12883","article-title":"Leukaemogenesis induced by an activating [bgr]-catenin mutation in osteoblasts","volume":"506","author":"Kode","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012060550","article-title":"Lipoxins attenuate renal fibrosis by inducing let-7c and suppressing TGF\u03b2R1","volume":"24","author":"Brennan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5012","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-09-243139","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cell function requires 12\/15-lipoxygenase-dependent fatty acid metabolism","volume":"115","author":"Kinder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/10\/2425\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:52:23Z","timestamp":1760187143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/10\/2425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20102425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20102425","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,16]]}}}