{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:16:46Z","timestamp":1790335006915,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente to IRCCS Neuromed"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente to IRCCS Neuromed"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucocorticoids are produced by the adrenal cortex and regulate cell metabolism in a variety of organs. This occurs either directly, by acting on specific receptors in a variety of cells, or by stimulating catecholamine expression within neighbor cells of the adrenal medulla. In this way, the whole adrenal gland may support specific metabolic requirements to cope with stressful conditions from external environment or internal organs. In addition, glucocorticoid levels may increase significantly in the presence of inappropriate secretion from adrenal cortex or may be administered at high doses to treat inflammatory disorders. In these conditions, metabolic alterations and increased blood pressure may occur, although altered sleep-waking cycle, anxiety, and mood disorders are frequent. These latter symptoms remain unexplained at the molecular level, although they overlap remarkably with disorders affecting catecholamine nuclei of the brainstem reticular formation. In fact, the present study indicates that various doses of glucocorticoids alter the expression of genes and proteins, which are specific for reticular catecholamine neurons. In detail, corticosterone administration to organotypic mouse brainstem cultures significantly increases Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Dopamine transporter (DAT), while Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is not affected. On the other hand, Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase (DBH) increases only after very high doses of corticosterone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T03:16:07Z","timestamp":1560482167000},"page":"2901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Corticosterone Upregulates Gene and Protein Expression of Catecholamine Markers in Organotypic Brainstem Cultures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1417-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla L.","family":"Busceti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosangela","family":"Ferese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3150-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larisa","family":"Ryskalin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gambardella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Madonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3883-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fornai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.1","article-title":"Immune regulation by glucocorticoids","volume":"17","author":"Cain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii6","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew348","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and chronic inflammation","volume":"55","author":"Straub","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.09.001","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and circadian clock control of cell proliferation: At the interface between three dynamic systems","volume":"331","author":"Dickmeis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8595","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3058-04.2004","article-title":"Expression of central glucocorticoid receptors after peripheral nerve injury contributes to neuropathic pain behaviors in rats","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4127-04.2005","article-title":"Central glucocorticoid receptors modulate the expression and function of spinal NMDA receptors after peripheral nerve injury","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.09.045","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists on allodynia and hyperalgesia in mouse model of neuropathic pain","volume":"524","author":"Takasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.04.001","article-title":"Stress exacerbates neuropathic pain via glucocorticoid and NMDA receptor activation","volume":"23","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2014-0021","article-title":"Glucocorticoid hormones and energy homeostasis","volume":"19","author":"Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R49","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0373","article-title":"Glucocorticoid treatment and endocrine pancreas function: Implications for glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance and diabetes","volume":"223","author":"Rafacho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90679-1","article-title":"Regulation of biogenic amine methyltransferases by glucocorticoids via S-adenosylmethionine and its metabolizing enzymes, methionine adenosyltransferase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase","volume":"330","author":"Wong","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(95)00066-M","article-title":"Hormonal control of rat adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Enzyme activity, the final critical pathway","volume":"13","author":"Wong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04438.x","article-title":"Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene regulation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and protein kinase C signaling pathways","volume":"971","author":"Tai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04484.x","article-title":"Stress-induced changes in epinephrine expression in the adrenal medulla in vivo","volume":"101","author":"Tai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181af0633","article-title":"Glucocorticoid treatment-effect on adrenal medullary catecholamine production","volume":"33","author":"Joachim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9319-0","article-title":"Psychological stress and aging: Role of glucocorticoids (GCs)","volume":"34","author":"Hasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vyas, S., Rodrigues, A.J., Silva, J.M., Tronche, F., Almeida, O.F., Sousa, N., and Sotiropoulos, I. (2016). Chronic Stress and Glucocorticoids: From Neuronal Plasticity to Neurodegeneration. Neural Plast., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6391686"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.155","article-title":"Stress, glucocorticoids and memory: Implications for treating fear-related disorders","volume":"18","author":"Schwabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000134829","article-title":"Cushing syndrome caused by adrenocortical tumors and hyperplasias (corticotropin- independent Cushing syndrome)","volume":"13","author":"Stratakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2008.10.011","article-title":"ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia","volume":"23","author":"Lacroix","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030871","article-title":"Diagnosis and complications of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: A consensus statement","volume":"88","author":"Arnaldi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68699-6","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Bertagna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2734","article-title":"Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: A consensus statement","volume":"93","author":"Biller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M33","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0464","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome: Update on signs, symptoms and biochemical screening","volume":"173","author":"Nieman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000314319","article-title":"Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Pivonello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000415","article-title":"The hypertension of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: Controversies in the pathophysiology and focus on cardiovascular complications","volume":"33","author":"Isidori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M133","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0354","article-title":"Metabolic comorbidities in Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Korbonits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9399-3","article-title":"Skin manifestations of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Stratakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4467","article-title":"Muscle wasting in disease: Molecular mechanisms and promising therapies","volume":"14","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"S339","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders associated with Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Bratek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/15.6.514","article-title":"Sleep architecture and sleep apnea in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Shipley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1159\/000345905","article-title":"Decreased autonomic modulation of heart rate and altered cardiac sympathovagal balance in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome: Role of endogenous hypercortisolism","volume":"97","author":"Chandran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00129","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric disorders in Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Pivonello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(97)00067-4","article-title":"Neuroleptic-induced akathisia and early onset tardive dyskinesia in affective disorder due to Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"19","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.130.6.1597149","article-title":"Development of Cushing\u2019s syndrome in corticotropin-releasing factor transgenic mice","volume":"130","author":"Cameron","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80579-6","article-title":"The neuroendocrine protein 7B2 is required for peptide hormone processing in vivo and provides a novel mechanism for pituitary Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"96","author":"Westphal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06587.x","article-title":"Corticosterone Up-regulates Expression and Function of Norepinephrine Transporter in SK-N-BE(2)C Cells","volume":"113","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2015.11.018","article-title":"Corticosterone enhances N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor signaling to promote isolated ventral tegmental area activity in a reconstituted mesolimbic dopamine pathway","volume":"120","author":"Berry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2008.00369.x","article-title":"Curcumin Protects PC12 Cells from Corticosterone-Induced Cytotoxicity: Possible Involvement of the ERK1\/2 Pathway","volume":"104","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3673","article-title":"Protective effects of paeoniflorin against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells","volume":"26","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2013.05.026","article-title":"Protective effects of aqueous extract from Acanthopanax senticosus against corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells","volume":"148","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polman, J.A., Welten, J.E., Bosch, D.S., de Jonge, R.T., Balog, J., van der Maarel, S.M., de Kloet, E.R., and Datson, N.A. (2012). A genome-wide signature of glucocorticoid receptor binding in neuronal PC12 cells. BMC Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-13-118"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.12294","article-title":"Evolutionary conservation of an atypical glucocorticoid-responsive element in the human tyrosine hydroxylase gene","volume":"126","author":"Iacovitti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0676-y","article-title":"Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression by glucocorticoids in the perinatal rat brain is age-dependent","volume":"37","author":"Kalinina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.09.067","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor expression and sub-cellular localization in dopamine neurons of the rat midbrain","volume":"556","author":"Hensleigh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2013.02.004","article-title":"Striatal TH-immunopositive fibers recover after an intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine in golden hamsters treated with prednisolone: Roles of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and inducible nitric oxidesynthase in neurodegeneration","volume":"76","author":"Uchida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20169","article-title":"Enhanced dopamine uptake in the striatum following repeated restraint stress","volume":"57","author":"Copeland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"681","article-title":"Search for the presence of glucocorticoid receptors in dopaminergic neurons of rat ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra","volume":"53","author":"Czyrak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9779","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.24.9779","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in monoaminergic neurons of rat brain","volume":"83","author":"Harfstrand","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.06.082","article-title":"Glucocorticoid status affects antidepressant regulation of locus coeruleus tyrosine hydroxylase and dorsal raphe tryptophan hydroxylase gene expression","volume":"1288","author":"Heydendael","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0597-1","article-title":"Expression of locus coeruleus mineralocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor in rats under single-prolonged stress","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.220","article-title":"Activation of mineralocorticoid receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla is involved in hypertensive mechanisms in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"35","author":"Nakagaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02647-1","article-title":"Regulatory role of glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels on tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the locus coeruleus during repeated immobilization stress","volume":"943","author":"Makino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14907","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0522-10.2010","article-title":"Role of glucocorticoids in tuning hindbrain stress integration","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3118","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1732","article-title":"Elevated glucocorticoid levels are responsible for induction of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression, phosphorylation, and enzyme activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract during morphine withdrawal","volume":"150","author":"Laorden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.196","article-title":"Antenatal glucocorticoid treatment induces adaptations in adult midbrain dopamine neurons, which underpin sexually dimorphic behavioral resilience","volume":"39","author":"Virdee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01331.x","article-title":"Altered mesencephalic dopaminergic populations in adulthood as a consequence of brief perinatal glucocorticoid exposure","volume":"17","author":"McArthur","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301277","article-title":"The size and distribution of midbrain dopaminergic populations are permanently altered by perinatal glucocorticoid exposure in a sex- region- and time-specific manner","volume":"32","author":"McArthur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226931","article-title":"Adolescent stress-induced epigenetic control of dopaminergic neurons via glucocorticoids","volume":"339","author":"Niwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-006-0097-6","article-title":"Quantitative real-time RT- PCR data analysis: Current concepts and the novel \u201cgene expression\u2019s CT difference\u201d formula","volume":"84","author":"Schefe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J.S., Reed, A., Chen, F., and Stewart, C.N. (2006). Statistical analysis of real-time PCR data. BMC Bioinform., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-85"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/12\/2901\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:58:21Z","timestamp":1760187501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/12\/2901"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20122901"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20122901","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]}}}