{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:56:38Z","timestamp":1791932198506,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is one of the most common medical complaints worldwide and musculoskeletal injuries have an enormous social and economical impact. Current pharmacological and surgical treatments aim to relief pain and restore function; however, unsatiscactory outcomes are commonly reported. In order to find an accurate treatment to such pathologies, over the last years, there has been a significantly increasing interest in cellular therapies, such as adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs). These cells represent a relatively new strategy in regenerative medicine, with many potential applications, especially regarding MSK disorders, and preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated their efficacy in muscle, tendon, bone and cartilage regeneration. Nevertheless, several worries about their safety and side effects at long-term remain unsolved. This article aims to review the current state of AMSCs therapy in the treatment of several MSK diseases and their clinical applications in veterinary and human medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20123105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T10:52:31Z","timestamp":1561459951000},"page":"3105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Promising Tool in the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Torres-Torrillas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-8862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Garc\u00eda Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Damia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8104-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belen","family":"Cuervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayla","family":"del Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pau","family":"Pel\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1121-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Chicharro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3601-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquin","family":"Sopena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioregenerative Medicine and Applied Surgery Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Garc\u00eda Cugat Foundation CEU-UCH Chair of Medicine and Regenerative Surgery, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, CEU Universities, C\/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2013.05.007","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies in the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Bashir","year":"2014","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00291.2009","article-title":"Mechanical properties and collagen cross-linking of the patellar tendon in old and young men","volume":"107","author":"Couppe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.07.013","article-title":"The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the United States","volume":"46","author":"Yelin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100913-013132","article-title":"\u201cMesenchymal\u201d Stem Cells","volume":"30","author":"Bianco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7159","article-title":"Critical View on Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Regenerative Medicine","volume":"29","author":"Langrzyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damia, E., Chicharro, D., Lopez, S., Cuervo, B., Rubio, M., Sopena, J.J., Manuel Vilar, J., and Maria Carrillo, J. (2018). Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Are They a Good Therapeutic Strategy for Osteoarthritis?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071926"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-1122","article-title":"In search of the in vivo identity of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"26","author":"Meirelles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.06.008","article-title":"The MSC: An Injury Drugstore","volume":"9","author":"Caplan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00191","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20150025","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cells - current trends and future prospective","volume":"35","author":"Ullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.05.011","article-title":"No Identical \u201cMesenchymal Stem Cells\u2019\u2019 at Different Times and Sites: Human Committed Progenitors of Distinct Origin and Differentiation Potential Are Incorporated as Adventitial Cells in Microvessels","volume":"6","author":"Sacchetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2011.574119","article-title":"Mesenchymal-stem-cell-based experimental and clinical trials: Current status and open questions","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2581","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells are recruited into wounded skin and contribute to wound repair by transdifferentiation into multiple skin cell type","volume":"180","author":"Sasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Tredget, E.E., Wu, P.Y.G., and Wu, Y. (2008). Paracrine Factors of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Recruit Macrophages and Endothelial Lineage Cells and Enhance Wound Healing. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001886"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2004.12.013","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit lymphocyte proliferation by mitogens and alloantigens by different mechanisms","volume":"305","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2009.10.002","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the therapeutic properties of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"20","author":"Meirelles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14348","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150814348","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Microparticles: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morcos, M.W., Al-Jallad, H., and Hamdy, R. (2015). Comprehensive Review of Adipose Stem Cells and Their Implication in Distraction Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration. Biomed Res. Int., 842975.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/842975"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240310004539","article-title":"Yield of human adipose-derived adult stem cells from liposuction aspirates","volume":"6","author":"Aust","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2004.11.007","article-title":"The human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells","volume":"87","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1488","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cell: A better stem cell than BMSC","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2017.06.058","article-title":"The biological and clinical basis for the use of adipose-derived stem cells in the field of wound healing","volume":"20","author":"Bertozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0927","article-title":"Adipose Stromal\/Stem Cells: Basic and Translational Advances: The IFATS Collection Introduction","volume":"26","author":"Daher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.101881","article-title":"Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce inflammatory and T cell responses and induce regulatory T cells in vitro in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"69","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.082663jd","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic instability of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells expanded in autologous serum or fetal bovine serum","volume":"52","author":"Dahl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019873","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4019873","article-title":"Infrapatellar Fat Pad: An Alternative Source of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"2016","author":"Tangchitphisut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3002","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3002","article-title":"Intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"20","author":"Spasovski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gene Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz-Criado, I., Meseguer-Ripolles, J., Mellado-Lopez, M., Alastrue-Agudo, A., Griffeth, R.J., Forteza-Vila, J., Cugat, R., Garcia, M., and Moreno-Manzano, V. (2017). Human Suprapatellar Fat Pad-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Chondrogenesis and Cartilage Repair in a Model of Severe Osteoarthritis. Stem Cells Int., 4758930.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4758930"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-5-55","article-title":"\u201cIn vitro\u201d and multicolor phenotypic characterization of cell subpopulations identified in fresh human adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction and in the derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"5","author":"Astori","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2516","article-title":"Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction-Mediated Improvements at Late-Stage Disease in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Bowles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-1096-6","article-title":"The adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction secretome enhances the proliferation but inhibits the differentiation of myoblasts","volume":"9","author":"Sloniecka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/biores.2013.0024","article-title":"One-step surgical procedure for the treatment of osteochondral defects with adipose-derived stem cells in a caprine knee defect: A pilot study","volume":"2","author":"Jurgens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biores. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2015.0269","article-title":"Chondrocytes Cocultured with Stromal Vascular Fraction of Adipose Tissue Present More Intense Chondrogenic Characteristics Than with Adipose Stem Cells","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3464","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11365","article-title":"Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis","volume":"48","author":"Murphy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argentati, C., Morena, F., Bazzucchi, M., Armentano, I., Emiliani, C., and Martino, S. (2018). Adipose Stem Cell Translational Applications: From Bench-to-Bedside. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113475"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2847","article-title":"Concise Review: Using Fat to Fight Disease: A Systematic Review of Nonhomologous Adipose-Derived Stromal\/Stem Cell Therapies","volume":"36","author":"Bateman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2018.07.028","article-title":"Energy metabolic capacities of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro and their adaptations in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation","volume":"370","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0071","article-title":"Our Fat Future: Translating Adipose Stem Cell Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Nordberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1159\/000369969","article-title":"The Stem Cell Potential and Multipotency of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Vary by Cell Donor and Are Different from Those of Other Types of Stem Cells","volume":"199","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"149","article-title":"From bench to bedside: Use of human adipose-derived stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Feisst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Cloning Adv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9777","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26943","article-title":"Identification of key genes and pathways associated with osteogenic differentiation of adipose stem cells","volume":"233","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000101063.27008.E1","article-title":"Chondrogenic potential of multipotential cells from human adipose tissue","volume":"113","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/19336918.2016.1202386","article-title":"Study of the involvement of allogeneic MSCs in bone formation using the model of transgenic mice","volume":"11","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3727\/000000004773301771","article-title":"Transplantation of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells increases mass and functional capacity of damaged skeletal muscle","volume":"13","author":"Bacou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.06.037","article-title":"Matrix directed adipogenesis and neurogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Jiang, M.H., Kim, D., Ahn, W., Chung, E., Son, Y., and Chi, G. (2017). Comparative Analysis of the Cell Fates of Induced Schwann Cells from Subcutaneous Fat Tissue and Naive Schwann Cells in the Sciatic Nerve Injury Model. Biomed Res. Int.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1252851"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2011.0086","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Their Potential to Differentiate into the Epithelial Lineage","volume":"20","author":"Baer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201800614R","article-title":"Endothelin-1 differentially directs lineage specification of adipose- and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.104","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: Innovative therapeutic tools for rheumatic diseases","volume":"5","author":"Djouad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21068","article-title":"Cytokine profile of human adipose-derived stem cells: Expression of angiogenic, hematopoietic, and pro-inflammatory factors","volume":"212","author":"Kilroy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1159\/000348831","article-title":"Paracrine Effects and Heterogeneity of Marrow-Derived Stem\/Progenitor Cells: Relevance for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases","volume":"197","author":"Conese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2013.94","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: Environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine","volume":"45","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2764-z","article-title":"Myogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from porcine adipose tissue","volume":"372","author":"Milner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25741","article-title":"Adipose Stem Cells Enhance Myoblast Proliferation Via Acetylcholine and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1\/2 Signaling","volume":"57","author":"Kingham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00123","article-title":"Potential of adipose-derived stem cells in muscular regenerative therapies","volume":"7","author":"Forcales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1089\/107632701300062859","article-title":"Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: Implications for cell-based therapies","volume":"7","author":"Zuk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200201000-00030","article-title":"Myogenic differentiation by human processed lipoaspirate cells","volume":"109","author":"Mizuno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.1891","article-title":"Mouse adipose-derived stem cells undergo multilineage differentiation in vitro but primarily osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.03029","article-title":"Myogenic potential of adipose-tissue-derived cells","volume":"119","author":"Iachininoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.04.002","article-title":"Effective myotube formation in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells expressing dystrophin and myosin heavy chain by cellular fusion with mouse C2C12 myoblasts","volume":"408","author":"Eom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.01.038","article-title":"Human adipose-derived stem cells display myogenic potential and perturbed function in hypoxic conditions","volume":"341","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-012-9488-x","article-title":"The efficiency of in vitro isolation and myogenic differentiation of MSCs derived from adipose connective tissue, bone marrow, and skeletal muscle tissue","volume":"48","author":"Meligy","year":"2012","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2013.1555","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of different culture media on the myogenic differentiation potential of adipose tissue- or bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"33","author":"Bonaterra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0043","article-title":"SJL dystrophic mice express a significant amount of human muscle proteins following systemic delivery of human adipose-derived stromal cells without immunosuppression","volume":"26","author":"Vieira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23662","article-title":"Regenerative cell injection in denervated muscle reduces atrophy and enhances recovery following nerve repair","volume":"47","author":"Schaakxs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-011-9304-0","article-title":"Local Injections of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulate Inflammation and Increase Angiogenesis Ameliorating the Dystrophic Phenotype in Dystrophin-Deficient Skeletal Muscle","volume":"8","author":"Vitzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914X678599","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Mouse Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and Losartan in the Skeletal Muscle of Injured Mdx Mice","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"241","article-title":"Semitendinosus myopathy and treatment with adipose-derived stem cells in working German shepherd police dogs","volume":"58","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J. Rev. Vet. Can."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4236\/scd.2012.22007","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cell therapy for severe muscle tears in working German shepherds: Two case reports","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.00351","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Stem-Cell Treatment of Skeletal Muscle Injury","volume":"94","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am. Vol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0922-1","article-title":"Autologous transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells improves functional recovery of skeletal muscle without direct participation in new myofiber formation","volume":"9","author":"Gorecka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura, A., and Takeda, S. (2011). Mammalian Models of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Pathological Characteristics and Therapeutic Applications. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 184393.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/184393"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Dmdm(dx)\/Large(myd): A new mouse model of neuromuscular diseases useful for studying physiopathological mechanisms and testing therapies","volume":"6","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.12.009","article-title":"Exploring the Application of Stem Cells in Tendon Repair and Regeneration","volume":"28","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Aro, A.A., Carneiro, G.D., Teodoro, L.F.R., da Veiga, F.C., Ferrucci, D.L., Simoes, G.F., Simoes, P.W., Alvares, L.E., de Oliveira, A.L.R., and Vicente, C.P. (2018). Injured Achilles Tendons Treated with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Transplantation and GDF-5. Cells, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7090127"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.12.016","article-title":"Rescue plan for Achilles: Therapeutics steering the fate and functions of stem cells in tendon wound healing","volume":"129","author":"Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21559","article-title":"Tendon-derived stem cells (TDSCs) promote tendon repair in a rat patellar tendon window defect model","volume":"30","author":"Ni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2110","article-title":"Treatment of Lateral Epicondylosis by Using Allogeneic Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Pilot Study","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21400","article-title":"Three-Dimensional High-Density Co-Culture with Primary Tenocytes Induces Tenogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"29","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2009.0710","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Treated with Growth Differentiation Factor-5 Express Tendon-Specific Markers","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61737-960-4_32","article-title":"Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Tendon Repair","volume":"702","author":"Uysal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adipose Deriv. Stem Cells Methods Protoc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2012.06.011","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cells enhance primary tendon repair: Biomechanical and immunohistochemical evaluation","volume":"65","author":"Uysal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10434","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.December.12.5","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells to treat Achilles tendon injuries","volume":"13","author":"Vieira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(14)70006-3","article-title":"Application of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in a rat rotator cuff repair model","volume":"45","author":"Barco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inj. Int. J. Care Inj."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516640750","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Improve Collagenase-Induced Tendinopathy in a Rat Model","volume":"44","author":"Oshita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517689874","article-title":"Therapeutic Mechanisms of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Tendon Injury Model","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.244120","article-title":"Effects of Local Application of Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction on Tendon-Bone Healing after Rotator Cuff Tear in Rabbits","volume":"131","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autologous adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells affect the regeneration of equine tendon lesions","volume":"1","author":"Skutella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt236","article-title":"Equine tendonitis therapy using mesenchymal stem cells and platelet concentrates: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517702863","article-title":"Does an Injection of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Loaded in Fibrin Glue Influence Rotator Cuff Repair Outcomes? A Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-017-4479-9","article-title":"Intratendinous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) injection provides a safe, efficacious treatment for Achilles tendinopathy: Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial at a 6-month follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Usuelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240310003026","article-title":"Adipose-derived adult stem cells: Isolation, characterization, and differentiation potential","volume":"5","author":"Gimble","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2008.0423","article-title":"Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells and Their Application in Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering","volume":"15","author":"Rada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801503","article-title":"Adipose-derived stromal cells - their utility and potential in bone formation","volume":"24","author":"Halvorsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1089\/107632701753337681","article-title":"Extracellular matrix mineralization and osteoblast gene expression by human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells","volume":"7","author":"Halvorsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.03.019","article-title":"Enhancement of bone regeneration by gene delivery of BMP2\/Runx2 bicistronic vector into adipose-derived stromal cells","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2007.0253","article-title":"In vivo bone formation following transplantation of human adipose-derived stromal cells that are not differentiated osteogenically","volume":"14","author":"Jeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2009.00795.x","article-title":"Osteogenic induction of adipose-derived stromal cells: Not a requirement for bone formation in vivo","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00105","article-title":"Tissue Engineering and Cell-Based Therapies for Fractures and Bone Defects","volume":"6","author":"Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36441","article-title":"Application of mesenchymal stem cells to enhance non-union bone fracture healing","volume":"107","author":"Ghasroldasht","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.01.004","article-title":"Bone regeneration in a canine cranial model using allogeneic adipose derived stem cells and coral scaffold","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt958","article-title":"Adipose-derived adult stromal cells heal critical-size mouse calvarial defects","volume":"22","author":"Cowan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levi, B., James, A.W., Nelson, E.R., Vistnes, D., Wu, B., Lee, M., Gupta, A., and Longaker, M.T. (2010). Human Adipose Derived Stromal Cells Heal Critical Size Mouse Calvarial Defects. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011177"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1089\/tea.2007.0137","article-title":"Bone regeneration in a rabbit critical-sized skull defect using autologous adipose-derived cells","volume":"14","author":"Farlie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28340","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b08563","article-title":"Time-Phase Sequential Utilization of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Mesoporous Bioactive Glass for Restoration of Critical Size Bone Defects","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-012-0349-y","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cells and rabbit bone regeneration: Histomorphometric, immunohistochemical and mechanical characterization","volume":"18","author":"Arrigoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.08.042","article-title":"Repair of cranial bone defects with adipose derived stem cells and coral scaffold in a canine model","volume":"28","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2015.16.4.397","article-title":"Effect of serum-derived albumin scaffold and canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on osteogenesis in canine segmental bone defect model","volume":"16","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2732","article-title":"Nonunion fracture healing: Evaluation of effectiveness of demineralized bone matrix and mesenchymal stem cells in a novel sheep bone nonunion model","volume":"12","author":"Dozza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2478","article-title":"Implantation of Stromal Vascular Fraction Progenitors at Bone Fracture Sites: From a Rat Model to a First-in-Man Study","volume":"34","author":"Saxer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.13041\/jpvm.2015.39.3.93","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for bone fracture in thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3608-8","article-title":"Uncultured autogenous adipose-derived regenerative cells promote bone formation during distraction osteogenesis in rats","volume":"472","author":"Nomura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2013.02.004","article-title":"Autologous rabbit adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of bone injuries with distraction osteogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Sunay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2004.06.002","article-title":"Autologous stem cells (adipose) and fibrin glue used to treat widespread traumatic calvarial defects: Case report","volume":"32","author":"Lendeckel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uri, O., Behrbalk, E., and Folman, Y. (2018). Local implantation of autologous adipose-derived stem cells increases femoral strength and bone density in osteoporotic rats: A randomized controlled animal study. J. Orthop. Surg., 26.","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499018799534"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.11.109","article-title":"Adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate hypoxia\/serum deprivation-induced osteocyte apoptosis and osteocyte-mediated osteoclastogenesis in vitro","volume":"508","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-013-0184-x","article-title":"Stem Cell Therapy for Osteoporosis","volume":"12","author":"Antebi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.05.016","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stromal cells in age-related osteoporosis","volume":"35","author":"Mirsaidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060514546940","article-title":"Complete resolution of avascular necrosis of the human femoral head treated with adipose tissue-derived stem cells and platelet-rich plasma","volume":"42","author":"Pak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3080","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4385-8","article-title":"Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Phenotypically Superior for Regeneration in the Setting of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head","volume":"473","author":"Wyles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-296","article-title":"Regeneration of human bones in hip osteonecrosis and human cartilage in knee osteoarthritis with autologous adipose-tissue-derived stem cells: A case series","volume":"5","author":"Pak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/75","article-title":"Autologous Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Induce Persistent Bone-Like Tissue in Osteonecrotic Femoral Heads","volume":"15","author":"Pak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2018.08.033","article-title":"A Scaffold-Free Allogeneic Construct from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Regenerates an Osteochondral Defect in a Rabbit Model","volume":"35","author":"Oshima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.051213","article-title":"Effect of IGF-1 in the chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the presence or absence of TGF-beta signaling","volume":"21","author":"Longobardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2010.81","article-title":"Isolation of adipose-derived stem cells and their induction to a chondrogenic phenotype","volume":"5","author":"Estes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2017.1401663","article-title":"Combined use of adipose derived stem cells and TGF-beta3 microspheres promotes articular cartilage regeneration in vivo","volume":"93","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb3030556","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma favors proliferation of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in methacrylate-endcapped caprolactone porous scaffold niches","volume":"3","author":"Carrillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.3727\/096368915X689514","article-title":"Human Lipoaspirate as Autologous Injectable Active Scaffold for One-Step Repair of Cartilage Defects","volume":"25","author":"Bosetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2008.01.038","article-title":"The use of mesenchymal stem cells for chondrogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Pelttari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inj. Int. J. Care Inj."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.12.018","article-title":"Not single but periodic injections of synovial mesenchymal stem cells maintain viable cells in knees and inhibit osteoarthritis progression in rats","volume":"24","author":"Ozeki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27530","article-title":"Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviated osteoarthritis and chondrocyte apoptosis through autophagy inducing","volume":"120","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.08.037","article-title":"In-situ birth of MSCs multicellular spheroids in poly(L-glutamic acid)\/chitosan scaffold for hyaline-like cartilage regeneration","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1538","article-title":"In vivo cartilage repair using adipose-derived stem cell-loaded decellularized cartilage ECM scaffolds","volume":"8","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1039\/C4BM00431K","article-title":"Covalently conjugated transforming growth factor-beta1 in modular chitosan hydrogels for the effective treatment of articular cartilage defects","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0281","article-title":"Synovial stem cells are regionally specified according to local microenvironments after implantation for cartilage regeneration","volume":"25","author":"Koga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S147757","article-title":"The effects of injecting intra-articular platelet-rich plasma or prolotherapy on pain score and function in knee osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Rahimzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13437","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150813437","article-title":"Hip Osteoarthritis in Dogs: A Randomized Study Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Adipose Tissue and Plasma Rich in Growth Factors","volume":"15","author":"Cuervo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000063","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2014-000063","article-title":"Canine adipose-derived stromal cell viability following exposure to synovial fluid from osteoarthritic joints","volume":"2","author":"Kiefer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Open"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0240-9","article-title":"The challenges and promises of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for use as a cell-based therapy","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.14.77","article-title":"Repair of osteochondral defects in the minipig model by OPF hydrogel loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Niada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2018.10.005","article-title":"The effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes with platelet-rich fibrin releasates augmentation by intra-articular injection on acute osteochondral defects in a rabbit model","volume":"25","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10596","article-title":"Adipose stem cells differentiated chondrocytes regenerate damaged cartilage in rat model of osteoarthritis","volume":"40","author":"Latief","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2017.0039","article-title":"Efficacy and Persistence of Allogeneic Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Combined with Hyaluronic Acid in Osteoarthritis After Intra-articular Injection in a Sheep Model","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vilar, J.M., Batista, M., Morales, M., Santana, A., Cuervo, B., Rubio, M., Cugat, R., Sopena, J., and Carrillo, J.M. (2014). Assessment of the effect of intraarticular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in osteoarthritic dogs using a double blinded force platform analysis. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-143"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1678547","article-title":"Evaluation of Intravenously Delivered Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Elbow Osteoarthritis in Dogs: A Pilot Study","volume":"32","author":"Olsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1634","article-title":"Intra-Articular Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Proof-of-Concept Clinical Trial","volume":"32","author":"Jo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517716641","article-title":"Intra-articular Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee A 2-Year Follow-up Study","volume":"45","author":"Hyunchul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0245","article-title":"Adipose Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapy for Severe Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Phase I Dose-Escalation Trial","volume":"5","author":"Pers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2217\/rme-2017-0152","article-title":"Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for osteoarthritis: A pilot study with long-term follow-up and repeated injections","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4182-6","article-title":"Preliminary results of autologous adipose-derived stem cells in early knee osteoarthritis: Identification of a subpopulation with greater response","volume":"43","author":"Panni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009332","article-title":"Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the treatment of isolated knee chondral lesions: Design of a randomised controlled pilot study comparing arthroscopic microfracture versus arthroscopic microfracture combined with postoperative mesenchymal stem cell injections","volume":"5","author":"Freitag","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitag, J., Li, D., Wickham, J., Shah, K., and Tenen, A. (2017). Effect of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the treatment of a post-traumatic chondral defect of the knee. BMJ Case Rep., 2017.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-220852"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitag, J., Shah, K., Wickham, J., Boyd, R., and Tenen, A. (2017). The effect of autologous adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the treatment of a large osteochondral defect of the knee following unsuccessful surgical intervention of osteochondritis dissecans\u2014A case study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1658-2"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S113018","article-title":"Potential use of mesenchymal stem cells in human meniscal repair: Current insights","volume":"8","author":"Pak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Access J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pak, J., Chang, J., Lee, J.H., and Lee, S.H. (2013). Safety reporting on implantation of autologous adipose tissue-derived stem cells with platelet-rich plasma into human articular joints. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-337"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-017-0318-z","article-title":"Current use of autologous adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction cells for orthopedic applications","volume":"24","author":"Pak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pak, J., Lee, J.H., and Lee, S.H. (2014). Regenerative Repair of Damaged Meniscus with Autologous Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells. Biomed Res. Int., 436029.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/436029"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518782973","article-title":"In Vitro Repair of Meniscal Radial Tear with Hydrogels Seeded with Adipose Stem Cells and TGF-beta3","volume":"46","author":"Sasaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/12\/3105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:01:04Z","timestamp":1760187664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/12\/3105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20123105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20123105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]}}}