{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:57:56Z","timestamp":1790132276552,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,29]],"date-time":"2019-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex syndrome that results from structural and functional disturbances that affect the ability of the heart to supply oxygen to tissues. It largely affects and reduces the patient\u2019s quality of life, socio-economic status, and imposes great costs on health care systems worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a newly discovered phenomenon that contributes greatly to the pathophysiology of numerous cardiovascular conditions and commonly co-exists with chronic heart failure. However, the literature lacks clarity as to which heart failure patients might be affected, its significance in CHF patients, and its reversibility with pharmacological and non-pharmacological means. This review will emphasize all these points and summarize them for future researchers interested in vascular pathophysiology in this particular patient population. It will help to direct future studies for better characterization of these two phenomena for the potential discovery of therapeutic targets that might reduce future morbidity and mortality in this \u201cat risk\u201d population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T03:23:59Z","timestamp":1561951439000},"page":"3198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Heart Failure: Assessment, Findings, Significance, and Potential Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8447-792X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal M.","family":"Alem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, PO Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000132474.50966.DA","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Endemann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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