{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T17:26:17Z","timestamp":1788197177107,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["299309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["299309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To characterize effects of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on mRNA expression levels for 10 Cytochromes P450 (CYP450s), two carboxylesterases, and three drug transporters (ABCB1, ABCG2, SLCO2B1) in human duodenal biopsies. To compare drug metabolizing enzyme activities of four CYP450 isoenzymes in duodenal biopsies from patients with or without T2D. mRNA levels were quantified (RT-qPCR) in human duodenal biopsies obtained from patients with (n = 20) or without (n = 16) T2D undergoing a scheduled gastro-intestinal endoscopy. CYP450 activities were determined following incubation of biopsy homogenates with probe substrates for CYP2B6 (bupropion), CYP2C9 (tolbutamide), CYP2J2 (ebastine), and CYP3A4\/5 (midazolam). Covariables related to inflammation, T2D, demographic, and genetics were investigated. T2D had no major effects on mRNA levels of all enzymes and transporters assessed. Formation rates of metabolites (pmoles mg protein\u22121 min\u22121) determined by LC-MS\/MS for CYP2C9 (0.48 \u00b1 0.26 vs. 0.41 \u00b1 0.12), CYP2J2 (2.16 \u00b1 1.70 vs. 1.69 \u00b1 0.93), and CYP3A (5.25 \u00b1 3.72 vs. 5.02 \u00b1 4.76) were not different between biopsies obtained from individuals with or without T2D (p &gt; 0.05). No CYP2B6 specific activity was measured. TNF-\u03b1 levels were higher in T2D patients but did not correlate with any changes in mRNA expression levels for drug metabolizing enzymes or transporters in the duodenum. T2D did not modulate expression or activity of tested drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in the human duodenum. Previously reported changes in drug oral clearances in patients with T2D could be due to a tissue-specific disease modulation occurring in the liver and\/or in other parts of the intestines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T12:11:17Z","timestamp":1562069477000},"page":"3257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Pilot Study towards the Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on the Expression and Activities of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Human Duodenum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1946-3414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Gravel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"},{"name":"CRCHUM\u2014Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Panzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHUM\u2014Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Department of Gastroenterology, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Belanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7978-9280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Turgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"},{"name":"CRCHUM\u2014Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1399-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronique","family":"Michaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"},{"name":"CRCHUM\u2014Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2014). 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