{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:50:04Z","timestamp":1792795804736,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]],"date-time":"2019-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension is characterized by structural and functional changes in blood vessels that travel with increased arterial stiffness, vascular inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Some antihypertensive drugs have been shown to improve endothelial function and reduce levels of inflammatory markers regardless of the effect of blood pressure lowering. Third-generation \u03b2-blockers, such as nebivolol and carvedilol, because they have additional properties, have been shown to improve endothelial function in patients with hypertension. Calcium channel antagonists, because they have antioxidant effects, may improve endothelial function and vascular inflammation.The Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARBs) are able to improve endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in patients with hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have shown beneficial effects on endothelial function in patients with hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, however there are few studies evaluating the effect of treatment with this class on the reduction of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Further studies are needed to assess whether treatment of endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation may improve the prognosis of patients with essential hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T04:55:27Z","timestamp":1563166527000},"page":"3458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Effect of Different Classes of Antihypertensive Drugs on Endothelial Function and Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Isabella Viana Gomes","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu\u2014Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei, Chanadour 400, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Carvalho","family":"de Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu\u2014Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei, Chanadour 400, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyelle Romana Alves","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu\u2014Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei, Chanadour 400, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-016-0642-8","article-title":"Drug treatment of hypertension: Focus on vascular health","volume":"76","author":"Cameron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","article-title":"Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Gimbrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.006","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APHA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: A report of the american college of cardiology\/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.02.015","article-title":"Oxidative stress and hypertension","volume":"93","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003233421202","article-title":"C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"342","author":"Ridker","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040967","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and therisk of coronary heart disease in men and women","volume":"351","author":"Pai","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.01.045","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and the risk of future cardiovascular events in patients with angina pectoris and\/or healed myocardial infarction","volume":"98","author":"Fisman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.9.948","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with mild coronary artery disease and endotelial dysfunction","volume":"101","author":"Suwaidi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.16.1899","article-title":"Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease","volume":"101","author":"Britten","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Goodman & Gilman (2012). As Bases Farmacol\u00f3gicas da Terap\u00eautica, Artmed. [12th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18014","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.14","article-title":"Hypertension","volume":"4","author":"Oparil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19043","article-title":"Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm hg, 1990\u20132015","volume":"317","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu027","article-title":"Cohort profile: Longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil)","volume":"44","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"653","article-title":"Best thiazide diuretic for hypertension","volume":"58","author":"Allan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Fam Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.23.2981","article-title":"Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vc diuretic","volume":"288","author":"Trial","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.08.023","article-title":"Beta-blockers in hypertension","volume":"106","author":"Ram","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/1.1.91","article-title":"Do beta-blockers really increase peripheral vascular resistance? Review of the literature and new observations under basal conditions","volume":"1","author":"Schalekamp","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198800356-00008","article-title":"Systemic and regional haemodynamic profile of diuretics and alpha- and beta-blockers. A review comparing acute and chronic effects","volume":"35","author":"Mimran","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) (2016). 7a Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens\u00e3o Arterial, SBC."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"104","article-title":"Antagonistas de canais de c\u00e1lcio","volume":"5","author":"Oigman","year":"1998","journal-title":"HiperAtivo"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.03.090","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin system and its involvement in vascular disease","volume":"763","author":"Essers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"233","article-title":"The effect of angiotensin receptor blockers on c-reactive protein and other circulating inflammatory indices in man","volume":"5","author":"Cianchetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3","article-title":"Eixo Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosterona: Bases Fisiol\u00f3gicas e Fisiopatol\u00f3gicas","volume":"10","author":"Sanjuliani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Hosp. Univ. Pedro Ernesto"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-030212-183802","article-title":"The adventitia: Essential regulator of vascular wall structure and function","volume":"75","author":"Stenmark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200262020-00003","article-title":"Effects of antihypertensive drugs on endothelial dysfunction: Clinical implications","volume":"62","author":"Taddei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.04.011","article-title":"Vascular biology of ageing-implications in hypertension","volume":"83","author":"Harvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.2013","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: From molecular mechanisms to measurement, clinical implications, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Leslie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation","volume":"105","author":"Libby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189605","article-title":"Endothelial cells are able to synthesize and release catecholamines both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"60","author":"Sorriento","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sverrisd\u00f3ttir, Y.B., Jansson, L.M., H\u00e4gg, U., and Gan, L.M. (2010). Muscle sympathetic nerve activity is related to a surrogate marker of endothelial function in healthy individuals. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009257"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00721.2011","article-title":"Plasma norepinephrine is an independent predictor of vascular endothelial function with aging in healthy women","volume":"111","author":"Kaplon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25276","article-title":"MicroRNAs and endothelial (Dys) function","volume":"231","author":"Santulli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12416","article-title":"Application of micrornas in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease","volume":"213","author":"Wronska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00994-X","article-title":"The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction","volume":"42","author":"Michael","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.22.2222","article-title":"Vitamin c improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation by restoring nitric oxide activity in essential hypertension","volume":"97","author":"Taddei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.5.1468","article-title":"Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the abnormal endotheliumdependent vascular relaxation of patients with essential hypertension","volume":"87","author":"Panza","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"262","article-title":"M\u00e9todos de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o da fun\u00e7\u00e3o endotelial: Descri\u00e7\u00e3o e suas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es","volume":"30","author":"Storch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2015-0149","article-title":"C-reactive protein and inflammation: Conformational changes affect function","volume":"396","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maruhashi, T., Soga, J., Fujimura, N., Idei, N., Mikami, S., Iwamoto, Y., Iwamoto, A., Kajikawa, M., Matsumoto, T., and Oda, N. (2018). Endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness, and cardiovascular risk prediction in patients with coronary artery disease: FMD-J (flow-mediated dilation japan) study A. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 7.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008588"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.9.1000","article-title":"Elevated c-reactive protein levels and impaired endothelial vasoreactivity in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"102","author":"Fichtlscherer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1590\/jvb.2014.054","article-title":"Marcadores inflamat\u00f3rios, fun\u00e7\u00e3o endotelial e riscos cardiovasculares","volume":"13","author":"Teixeira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Bras."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.002","article-title":"Human C-reactive protein induces endothelial dysfunction and uncoupling of eNOS in vivo","volume":"206","author":"Hein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Circulatory therapeutics: Use of antihypertensive agents and their effects on the vasculature","volume":"14","author":"Schiffrin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-010-0125-3","article-title":"Inflammation and therapy for hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Laffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001889","article-title":"Targeting endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive subjects","volume":"19","author":"Thuillez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S234","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199312050-00096","article-title":"The possible role of angiotensin II subtype AT2 receptors in endothelial cells and isolated ischemic rat hearts","volume":"11","author":"Wiemer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hypertens. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.3.258","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. The trend (trial on reversing endothelial dysfunction) study","volume":"94","author":"Mancini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00537-9","article-title":"Comparative study of ace-inhibition, angiotensin ii antagonism, and calcium channel blockade on flow-mediated vasodilation in patients with coronary disease (banff study)","volume":"35","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.4.699","article-title":"Comparison of effects of angiotensin iconverting enzyme inhibition and beta-blockade for 2 years on function of small arteries from hypertensive patients","volume":"25","author":"Schiffrin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3280115901","article-title":"Ramipril dose-dependently increases nitric oxide availability in the radial artery of essential hypertension patients","volume":"25","author":"Ghiadoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11717","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011717","article-title":"The effect of nebivolol and ramipril on selected biochemical parameters, arterial stiffness, and circadian profile of blood pressure in young men with primary hypertension: A 12-week prospective randomized, open-label study trial","volume":"97","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.35.1.501","article-title":"Effect of the angiotensin ii type 1 receptor blocker candesartan on endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension","volume":"35","author":"Ghiadoni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-011-0207-x","article-title":"Effects of antihypertensive treatment on endothelial function","volume":"13","author":"Virdis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.051","article-title":"Comparative effects of valsartan versus amlodipine on left ventricular mass and reactive oxygen species formation by monocytes in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"43","author":"Yasunari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2013.3","article-title":"Irbesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, exhibits metabolic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in patients with high-risk hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Taguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000226046.58883.32","article-title":"Valsartan, blood pressure reduction, and c-reactive protein: Primary report of the val-marc trial","volume":"48","author":"Ridker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1551","article-title":"Impact of telmisartan versus ramipril on renal endothelial function in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Schmieder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2006.08.006","article-title":"Antihypertensive medications and c-reactive protein in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Palmas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00561-6","article-title":"A comparison of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium antagonists, beta-blockers and diuretic agents on reactive hyperemia in patients with essential hypertension: A multicenter study","volume":"35","author":"Higashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-017-1580-5","article-title":"The effect of candesartan on pentraxin-3 plasma levels as marker of endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential arterial hypertension","volume":"186","author":"Buda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000683","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers are not associated with reduced inflammatory markers in the general population","volume":"33","author":"Pedro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.21.1.112","article-title":"Intracellular calcium, currents, and stimulus-response coupling in endothelial cells","volume":"21","author":"Himmel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1994.2396","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant activity of calcium antagonists against LDL oxidation compared with alpha-tocopherol","volume":"203","author":"Lupo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.1.34","article-title":"Synergistic antihypertensive effects of nifedipine on endothelium: Concurrent release of no and scavenging of superoxide","volume":"37","author":"Brovkovych","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-012-0269-4","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of calcium channel blockers","volume":"14","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2002","article-title":"Molecular physiology of low-voltage-activated t-type calcium channels","volume":"83","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Encore Investigators (2003). Effect of nifedipine and cerivastatin on coronary endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease: The encore I study (evaluation of nifedipine and cerivastatin on recovery of coronary endothelial function). Circulation, 107, 422\u2013428.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000046488.52939.BF"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp151","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effect of nifedipine on coronary endothelial function and plaque formation in patients with coronary artery disease: The encore II study","volume":"30","author":"Pieper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.3.943","article-title":"Restoration of nitric oxide availability after calcium antagonist treatment in essential hypertension","volume":"37","author":"Taddei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199610000-00014","article-title":"Structure and function of resistance arteries of hypertensive patients treated with a beta-blocker or a calcium channel antagonist","volume":"14","author":"Schiffrin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000254645.33321.a3","article-title":"Chronic treatment with long-acting nifedipine reduces vasoconstriction to endothelin-1 in essential hypertension","volume":"49","author":"Sudano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3109\/08037051.2014.972816","article-title":"Endocan, a novel marker of endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension: Comparative effects of amlodipine and valsartan","volume":"24","author":"Balta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2015.404","article-title":"Effects of valsartan and amlodipine on oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension: A randomized, multicenter study","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/08037051.2016.1184495","article-title":"Effect of antihypertensive treatment with lercanidipine on endothelial progenitor cells and inflammation in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Rossini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Nebivolol vasodilates human forearm vasculature: Evidence for an l-arginine\/no-dependent mechanism","volume":"274","author":"Cockcroft","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fjc.0000238593.67191.e2","article-title":"Effect of nebivolol on endothelial nitric oxide and peroxynitrite release in hypertensive animals: Role of antioxidant activity","volume":"48","author":"Mason","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2000.110093","article-title":"Carvedilol improves endothelium-dependent dilatation in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"140","author":"Matsuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2007.01.019","article-title":"Effects of carvedilol versus metoprolol on endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Bank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.119404","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide, but not candesartan, aggravates insulin resistance and causes visceral and hepatic fat accumulation: The mechanisms for the diabetes preventing effect of candesartan (medica) study","volume":"52","author":"Eriksson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/14\/3458\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:05:32Z","timestamp":1760187932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/14\/3458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20143458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20143458","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,14]]}}}