{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:07:11Z","timestamp":1789085231895,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21TR001722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21TR001722"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"National Library of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01LM011986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01LM011986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM122845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM122845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of superbugs that are resistant to last-resort antibiotics poses a serious threat to human health, and we are in a \u201crace against time to develop new antibiotics.\u201d New approaches are urgently needed to control drug-resistant pathogens, and to reduce the emergence of new drug-resistant microbes. Targeting bacterial virulence has emerged as an important strategy for combating drug-resistant pathogens. It has been shown that pyocyanin, which is produced by the phenazine biosynthesis pathway, plays a key role in the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, making it an attractive target for anti-infective drug discovery. In order to discover efficient therapeutics that inhibit the phenazine biosynthesis in a timely fashion, we screen 2004 clinical and pre-clinical drugs to target multiple enzymes in the phenazine biosynthesis pathway, using a novel procedure of protein\u2013ligand docking. Our detailed analysis suggests that kinase inhibitors, notably Lifirafenib, are promising lead compounds for inhibiting aroQ, phzG, and phzS enzymes that are involved in the phenazine biosynthesis, and merit further experimental validations. In principle, inhibiting multiple targets in a pathway will be more effective and have less chance of the emergence of drug resistance than targeting a single protein. Our multi-target structure-based drug design strategy can be applied to other pathways, as well as provide a systematic approach to polypharmacological drug repositioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T02:44:03Z","timestamp":1563331443000},"page":"3504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Pathway-Centric Structure-Based Multi-Target Compound Screening for Anti-Virulence Drug Repurposing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9051-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Program in Computer Science, Biochemistry &amp; Biology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019, July 17). 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