{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:26:13Z","timestamp":1767907573058,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFC1104400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1104400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and hepatitis C virus (HIV\/HCV) coinfection occurs when a patient is simultaneously infected with both human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is common today in certain populations. However, the treatment of coinfection is a challenge because of the special considerations needed to ensure hepatic safety and avoid drug\u2013drug interactions. Multitarget inhibitors with less toxicity may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for HIV\/HCV coinfection. However, the identification of one molecule that acts on multiple targets simultaneously by experimental evaluation is costly and time-consuming. In silico target prediction tools provide more opportunities for the development of multitarget inhibitors. In this study, by combining Na\u00efve Bayes (NB) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms with two types of molecular fingerprints, MACCS and extended connectivity fingerprints 6 (ECFP6), 60 classification models were constructed to predict compounds that were active against 11 HIV-1 targets and four HCV targets based on a multiple quantitative structure\u2013activity relationships (multiple QSAR) method. Five-fold cross-validation and test set validation were performed to measure the performance of the 60 classification models. Our results show that the 60 multiple QSAR models appeared to have high classification accuracy in terms of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) values, which ranged from 0.83 to 1 with a mean value of 0.97 for the HIV-1 models and from 0.84 to 1 with a mean value of 0.96 for the HCV models. Furthermore, the 60 models were used to comprehensively predict the potential targets of an additional 46 compounds, including 27 approved HIV-1 drugs, 10 approved HCV drugs and nine selected compounds known to be active against one or more targets of HIV-1 or HCV. Finally, 20 hits, including seven approved HIV-1 drugs, four approved HCV drugs, and nine other compounds, were predicted to be HIV\/HCV coinfection multitarget inhibitors. The reported bioactivity data confirmed that seven out of nine compounds actually interacted with HIV-1 and HCV targets simultaneously with diverse binding affinities. The remaining predicted hits and chemical-protein interaction pairs with the potential ability to suppress HIV\/HCV coinfection are worthy of further experimental investigation. This investigation shows that the multiple QSAR method is useful in predicting chemical-protein interactions for the discovery of multitarget inhibitors and provides a unique strategy for the treatment of HIV\/HCV coinfection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T11:07:28Z","timestamp":1563793648000},"page":"3572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Targeting HIV\/HCV Coinfection Using a Machine Learning-Based Multiple Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (Multiple QSAR) Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China"},{"name":"Platform of Pharmaceutical Intelligence, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tengfei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0086-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangyong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300353, China"},{"name":"Platform of Pharmaceutical Intelligence, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin 300000, China"},{"name":"Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1021\/jm950874+","article-title":"Discovery of novel, non-peptide HIV-1 protease inhibitors by pharmacophore searching","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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