{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:05:43Z","timestamp":1790687143433,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":256,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR21NS093557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR21NS093557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007030","name":"Les Turner ALS Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Motor neuron circuitry is one of the most elaborate circuitries in our body, which ensures voluntary and skilled movement that requires cognitive input. Therefore, both the cortex and the spinal cord are involved. The cortex has special importance for motor neuron diseases, in which initiation and modulation of voluntary movement is affected. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is defined by the progressive degeneration of both the upper and lower motor neurons, whereas hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) are characterized mainly by the loss of upper motor neurons. In an effort to reveal the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal degeneration, numerous model systems are generated, and mouse models are no exception. However, there are many different levels of complexities that need to be considered when developing mouse models. Here, we focus our attention to the upper motor neurons, which are one of the most challenging neuron populations to study. Since mice and human differ greatly at a species level, but the cells\/neurons in mice and human share many common aspects of cell biology, we offer a solution by focusing our attention to the affected neurons to reveal the complexities of diseases at a cellular level and to improve translational efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T10:56:38Z","timestamp":1565175398000},"page":"3848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Complexity of Generating Mouse Models to Study the Upper Motor Neurons: Let Us Shift Focus from Mice to Neurons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Baris","family":"Genc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7594-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oge","family":"Gozutok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4125-6013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P. Hande","family":"Ozdinler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3469","article-title":"Corticostriatal connectivity and its role in disease","volume":"14","author":"Shepherd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00016","article-title":"Retrograde labeling, transduction, and genetic targeting allow cellular analysis of corticospinal motor neurons: Implications in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Jara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125547","article-title":"Descending pathways in motor control","volume":"31","author":"Lemon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. 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