{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:56:09Z","timestamp":1790816169958,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/09088-1 and 2018\/23015-7 and 2017\/03552-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/09088-1 and 2018\/23015-7 and 2017\/03552-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico \u2013 Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas - UNESP","award":["PADC-FCF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PADC-FCF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent scientific research has shown the use of chlorin, phthalocyanines, and porphyrins derivatives as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy in the treatment of various pathologies, including some of the major skin diseases. Thus, the main goal of this critical review is to catalog the papers that used these photosensitizers in the treatment of acne vulgaris, psoriasis, papillomavirus infections, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and skin rejuvenation, and to explore the photodynamic therapy mechanisms against these conditions alongside their clinical benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T11:05:32Z","timestamp":1565262332000},"page":"3861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Chlorin, Phthalocyanine, and Porphyrin Types Derivatives in Phototreatment of Cutaneous Manifestations: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sarah Raquel","family":"De Annunzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rod. Araraquara-Ja\u00fa, km 01, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7250-4908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Caroline Silva","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rod. Araraquara-Ja\u00fa, km 01, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaela Dalbello","family":"Mezzina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rod. Araraquara-Ja\u00fa, km 01, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7280-3775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia A. S.","family":"Graminha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rod. Araraquara-Ja\u00fa, km 01, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Raquel","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara, Rod. Araraquara-Ja\u00fa, km 01, Campus Ville, Araraquara 14800-903, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bensasson, R.V., Jori, G., Land, E.J., and Truscott, T.G. (1985). The historical development of ideas on applications of photosensitized reactions in the healthsciences. Primary Photo-Processes in Biology and Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-1224-6"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"524","article-title":"\u00dcber die wirkung fluoreszierender stoffe auf infusoren","volume":"39","author":"Rabb","year":"1900","journal-title":"Z. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2042","article-title":"Therapeutische versuche mit fluoreszierenden stoffen","volume":"47","author":"Jesionek","year":"1903","journal-title":"M\u00fcnch. Med. Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23259","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161023259","article-title":"Topical PDT in the Treatment of Benign Skin Diseases:Principles and New Applications","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.06.010","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy in dermatology beyond non-melanoma cancer: An update","volume":"19","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.5935\/1984-6835.20120021","article-title":"The use of porphyrins in photodynamic therapy in the treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Bastos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Virtual Quim."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"16","article-title":"History of phototherapy in dermatology","volume":"12","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bagnato, V.S. (2008). New Optical Techniques for Health Areas, Livraria da F\u00edsica. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.03.047","article-title":"Strengthening injectable thermo-sensitive NIPAAm-g-chitosan hydrogels using chemical cross-linking of disulfide bonds as scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"192","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422002000500016","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: Pharmacological Aspects, Applications, and Recent Developments in Drug Development","volume":"25","author":"Simplicio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Qu\u00edm. Nova"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30661-1","article-title":"Padeliporfin vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy versus active surveillance in men with low-risk prostate cancer (CLIN1001 PCM301): An open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Azzouzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20150942","article-title":"New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy","volume":"15","author":"Abrahamse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.21080","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for infections: Clinical applications","volume":"43","author":"Kharkwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20114","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy of cancer: An update","volume":"61","author":"Agostinis","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520616666160513131723","article-title":"New Approaches to Photodynamic Therapy from Types I, II and III to Type IV Using One or More Photons","volume":"17","author":"Scherer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-1000(04)00007-9","article-title":"Photosensitizers in clinical PDT","volume":"1","author":"Allison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2011.11.006","article-title":"Antibacterial photodynamic therapy for dental caries: Evaluation of the photosensitizers used and light source properties","volume":"9","author":"Nagata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06274.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of acne","volume":"5","author":"Degitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70442-6","article-title":"Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris","volume":"39","author":"White","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"686","article-title":"Currently Constrained, Dermatologists Are Ready for New Acne Therapies","volume":"17","author":"Nagler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1997.18131897.x","article-title":"Suicide in dermatological pacients","volume":"137","author":"Cotterill","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02511.x","article-title":"Depression and suicidal ideation in dermatology pacients whith acne, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"39","author":"Gupta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.7748\/ns2014.01.28.22.42.e8166","article-title":"Preventing psychological distress in patients with acne","volume":"28","author":"Mooney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nurs. Stand."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2008.07.001","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment for Acne vulgaris","volume":"27","author":"Webster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000067821","article-title":"Update and future of systemic acne treatment","volume":"206","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000067820","article-title":"Topical treatment in acne: Current status and future aspect","volume":"206","author":"Gollnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0255-3","article-title":"The Role of Photodynamic Therapy in Acne: An Evidence-Based Review","volume":"18","author":"Boen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.03.014","article-title":"Acne: Systemic treatment","volume":"22","author":"Katsambas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2016.10.008","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes and antimicrobial resistance in acne","volume":"35","author":"Dessinioti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.04.005","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of different severity of acne: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Keyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422007000400039","article-title":"Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms","volume":"30","author":"Perussi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qu\u00edmica Nova"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"32","article-title":"Evaluating the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy with 20% Aminolevulinic Acid and Microdermabrasion as a Combination Treatment Regimen for Acne Scarring: A Split-face, Randomized, Double-blind Pilot Study","volume":"7","author":"Linkner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"145","article-title":"Current evidence and applications of photodynamic therapy in dermatology","volume":"7","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"501","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: A review of the literature and image documentation","volume":"85","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anais Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12291","article-title":"Efficacy of blue light in treatment of acne","volume":"29","author":"Bagherani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14345","article-title":"PDT Study Group. Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolaevulinate 80 mg g(-1) for severe facial acne vulgaris: A randomized vehicle-controlled study","volume":"174","author":"Pariser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.Y., Ryu, A.R., Jin, S., Jeon, Y.M., and Lee, M.Y. (2017). Chlorin e6-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Suppresses P. acnes-Induced Inflammatory Response via NF\u03baB and MAPKs Signaling Pathway. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170599"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06110.x","article-title":"Topical aminolaevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris: A study of clinical efficacy and mechanism of action","volume":"151","author":"Pollock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07340.x","article-title":"Topical methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy for treatment of facial acne vulgaris: Results of a randomized, controlled study","volume":"155","author":"Funk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0243","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for acne vulgaris: A pilot study of the dose-response and mechanism of action","volume":"87","author":"Stenquist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0667","article-title":"Single low-dose red light is as efficacious as methyl-aminolevulinate--photodynamic therapy for treatment of acne: Clinical assessment and fluorescence monitoring","volume":"89","author":"Stenquist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with methylaminolevulinate 80 mg\/g without occlusion improves acne vulgaris","volume":"9","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2013.06.007","article-title":"Low-dose topical 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in the treatment of different severity of acne vulgaris","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12031","article-title":"Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid and intense pulsed light in Chinese acne vulgaris patients","volume":"29","author":"Mei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.104673","article-title":"Efficacy of red light alone and methyl-aminolaevulinate-photodynamic therapy for the treatment of mild and moderate facial acne","volume":"79","author":"Pinto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2014.12.029","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using chlorin e6 with halogen light for acne bacteria-induced inflammation","volume":"124","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12836","article-title":"Prospective study of topical 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of severe adolescent acne in Chinese patients","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-015-0627-3","article-title":"Low-Dose Topical 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Different Severity of Acne Vulgaris","volume":"73","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"225","article-title":"Efficacy of 3.6% topical ALA-PDT for the treatment of severe acne vulgaris","volume":"20","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"727","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy with Topical 5% 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for the Treatment of Truncal Acne in Asian Patients","volume":"15","author":"Yew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.07.002","article-title":"Effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on TLRs in acne lesions and keratinocytes co-cultured with P. acnes","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.08.002","article-title":"Chlorin e6-mediated photodynamic therapy promotes collagen production and suppresses MMPs expression via modulating AP-1 signaling in P. acnes-stimulated HaCat cells","volume":"20","author":"Ryu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12312","article-title":"Nonablative fractional laser-assisted daylight photodynamic therapy with topical methyl aminolevulinate for moderate to severe facial acne vulgaris: Results of a randomized and comparative study","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20175543","article-title":"A new optical intra-tissue fiber irradiation ALA-PDT in the treatment of acne vulgaris in rabbit model: Improved safety and tolerability","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-2029-1","article-title":"Utilizing non-ablative fractional photothermolysis prior to ALA-photodynamic therapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris: A case series","volume":"32","author":"Qureshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.06.016","article-title":"Severe acne in monozygotic twins treated with photodynamic therapy","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Annunzio, S.R., de Freitas, L.M., Blanco, A.L., da Costa, M.M., Carmona-Vargas, C.C., de Oliveira, K.T., and Fontana, C.R. (2018). Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol., 545\u2013550.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.11.035"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendon, A., and Schakel, K. (2019). Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061475"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"7","article-title":"Current knowledge on psoriasis and autoimmune diseases","volume":"6","author":"Soler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psoriasis (Auckl)"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8702-3","article-title":"The Immunologic Role of IL-17 in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Pathogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Blauvelt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1159\/000445645","article-title":"Terminalia Chebulanin Attenuates Psoriatic Skin Lesion via Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1","volume":"39","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"244","article-title":"Next-generation biologics in the management of plaque psoriasis: A literature review of IL-17 inhibition","volume":"14","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Papp K: Interleukin-17 (IL-17) inhibitors in the treatment of plaque psoriasis: A review","volume":"20","author":"Gooderham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skin Ther. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2011.08.001","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: Current evidence and applications in dermatology","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1159\/000484647","article-title":"Anti-Psoriasis Effects and Mechanisms of A-(8-Quinolinoxy) Zinc Phthalocyanine-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2007.08.014","article-title":"Animal models of psoriasis","volume":"25","author":"Boehncke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.01827.x","article-title":"Systemic photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid induces apoptosis in lesional T lymphocytes of psoriatic plaques","volume":"119","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06363.x","article-title":"Topical aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy as a treatment option for psoriasis? Results of a randomizes observed-blinded study","volume":"152","author":"Schleyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07290.x","article-title":"A placebo-controlled randomized study on the clinical effectiveness, immunohistochemical changes and protoporphyrin IX accumulation in fractionated 5- aminolaevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy in patients with psoriasis","volume":"155","author":"Smits","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.05.003","article-title":"Investigation of anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities promoted by photoactivated cationic porphyrin","volume":"12","author":"Carrenho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2016.11.094","article-title":"Photodynamic effect of meso-(aryl)porphyrins and meso-(1-methyl-4-pyridinium)porphyrins on HaCaT keratinocytes","volume":"27","author":"Slomp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1039\/c6pp00058d","article-title":"Activated T cells exhibit increased uptake of silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 and increased susceptibility to Pc 4-photodynamic therapy-mediated cell death","volume":"15","author":"Soler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2005.00182.x","article-title":"Clinical and immunohistochemical evaluation of psoriatic plaques treated with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy","volume":"21","author":"Fransson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2015.02.038","article-title":"Nanostructures of an amphiphilic zinc phthalocyanine polymer conjugate for photodynamic therapy of psoriasis","volume":"128","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12319","article-title":"Comparative study of photodynamic therapy with 5%, 10% and 20% aminolevulinic acid in the treatment of generalized recalcitrant facial verruca plana: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2222\/jsv.58.173","article-title":"HPV-associated cutaneous lesions","volume":"58","author":"Kiyofumi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Uirusu"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2008.00543.x","article-title":"Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for recalcitrant facial flat wart in Chinese subjects","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2009.2566","article-title":"Efficacy of topical aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of verruca planae","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"601","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of tumor destruction by photoradiation therapy","volume":"170","author":"Henderson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12026","article-title":"European guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy part 2: Emerging indications\u2014Field cancerization, photorejuvenation and inflammatory\/infective dermatoses","volume":"27","author":"Morton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2005.23.202","article-title":"Comparative study of aminolevulic acid photodynamic therapy plus pulsed dye laser versus pulsed dye laser alone in treatment of viral warts","volume":"23","author":"Smucler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03210.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with 20% aminolevulinic acid for the treatment of recalcitrant viral warts in an Asian population","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3109\/09546631003681078","article-title":"Treatment of recalcitrant viral warts with pulsed dye laser MAL-PDT","volume":"22","author":"Harto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12060","article-title":"Is the step-up therapy of topical 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy effective and safe for the patients with recalcitrant facial flat wart?","volume":"27","author":"Qian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-016-1925-8","article-title":"Off-label photodynamic therapy for recalcitrant facial flat warts using topical 5-aminolevulinic acid","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: A review","volume":"6","author":"Cedillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Review on Biology, Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Dawit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762003000700001","article-title":"Leishmanial infection: Analysis of its first steps. A review","volume":"98","author":"Vilhena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.2.641-643.2004","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of antimicrobial peptides against naturally acquired leishmaniasis","volume":"48","author":"Alberola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.72","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Immune responses in protection and pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uribe-Restrepo, A., Cossio, A., Desai, M.M., D\u00e1valos, D., and Castro, M.D.M. (2018). Interventions to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in children: A systematic review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006986"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of Miltefosine on Leishmania donovani Involves the Impairment of Acidocalcisome Function and the Activation of the Sphingosine-Dependent Plasma Membrane Ca2+ Channel","volume":"62","author":"Benaim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2741\/4629","article-title":"Leishmaniasis treatment: Update of possibilities for drug repurposing","volume":"23","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"1032","article-title":"Antiprotozoal Activity of the Cyclopalladated Complexes Against Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"27","author":"Velasquez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Braz. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks275","article-title":"Miltefosine: A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"67","author":"Dorlo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado, P.R., Ampuero, J., Guimar\u00e3es, L.H., Villasboas, L., Rocha, A.T., Schriefer, A., Sousa, R.S., Talhari, A., Penna, G., and Carvalho, E.M. (2010). Miltefosine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Brazil: A randomized and controlled trial. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000912"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01023-13","article-title":"Treatment failure and miltefosine susceptibility in dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania subgenus Viannia species","volume":"58","author":"Obonaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2010007500141","article-title":"Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) for the treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis","volume":"44","author":"Baptista","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, D.M., Taylor, V.M., Cede\u00f1o, D.L., Padhee, S., Robledo, S.M., and Jones, M.A. (2010). Association of acenaphthoporphyrins with liposomes for the photodynamic treatment of leishmaniasis. Photochem. Photobiol., 645\u2013652.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00705.x"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.04.014","article-title":"Chlorin E6 phototoxicity in L. major and L. braziliensis promastigotes-In vitro study","volume":"15","author":"Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2015.03","article-title":"Topical and Intradermal Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy with Methylene Blue and Light-Emitting Diode in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis","volume":"6","author":"Sbeghen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.08.006","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of systemic miltefosine associated with photodynamic therapy with liposomal chloroaluminium phthalocyanine in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"13","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00165","article-title":"Photodynamic Vaccination of BALB\/c Mice for Prophylaxis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"9","author":"Viana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700719","article-title":"A mechanistic study of delta-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"127","author":"Kosaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2011.00610.x","article-title":"Successful treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with intralesional aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy","volume":"27","author":"Evangelou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"589","article-title":"Cell accumulation and antileishmanial effect of exogenous and endogenous protoporphyrin IX after photodynamic treatment","volume":"34","author":"Mateus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-014-1665-6","article-title":"Photodynamic effects of zinc phthalocyanines on intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01879-15","article-title":"Aminophthalocyanine-Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation of Leishmania tropica","volume":"60","author":"Alkahtani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-872411","article-title":"Applications of aminolevulinic Acid-based photodynamic therapy in cosmetic facial plastic practices","volume":"21","author":"Zakhary","year":"2005","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2014.02.007","article-title":"Comparison of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy and red light for treatment of photoaging","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2014.10.003","article-title":"Evaluation of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photorejuvenation of neck skin","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20905","article-title":"Photodynamic photorejuvenation of the face with a combination of microneedling, red light, and broadband pulsed light","volume":"42","author":"Clementoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2010.01726.x","article-title":"Topical 5-aminolevulinc acid with intense pulsed light versus intense pulsed light for photodamage in Chinses patients","volume":"37","author":"Xi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dematol Surg."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.25","article-title":"Prolonged activation of ERK contributes to the photorejuvenation effect in photodynamic therapy in human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"133","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3109\/14764172.2015.1022187","article-title":"Multiple sequential light and laser sources to activate aminolevulinic acid in the treatment of photodamage: A retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"Friedmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cosmet. Laser Ther."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2014.933163","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy using a new formulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid for wrinkles in Asian skin: A randomized controlled split face study","volume":"26","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.02.005","article-title":"ALA-PDT elicits oxidative damage and apoptosis in UVB-induced premature senescence of human skin fibroblasts","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12658","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy inhibits melanogenesis through paracrine effects by keratinocytes and fibroblasts","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(90)85083-9","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy with endogenous protoporphyrin IX: Basic principles and present clinical experience","volume":"6","author":"Kennedy","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1994.244","article-title":"A mechanistic study of cellular photodestruction with 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced porphyrin","volume":"70","author":"Iinuma","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"891","article-title":"Phototoxic damage to sebaceous glands and hair follicles of mice after systemicadministration of 5-aminolevulinic acid correlates with localized protoporphyrin IX fluorescence","volume":"136","author":"Divaris","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"70","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for condylomata acuminata with local application of 5-aminolevulinic acid","volume":"72","author":"Frank","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14902","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200107200","article-title":"Genetic rescue of Leishmania deficiency in porphyrin biosynthesis creates mutants suitable for analysis of cellular events in uroporphyria and for photodynamic therapy","volume":"277","author":"Sah","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2014.10.015","article-title":"Calcium signaling in trypanosomatid parasites","volume":"57","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/16\/3861\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:09:29Z","timestamp":1760188169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/16\/3861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20163861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20163861","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]}}}