{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:44:27Z","timestamp":1760240667920,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan","award":["MOST 104-2320-B-008-002-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104-2320-B-008-002-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have potential antifungal activities; however, their intracellular protein targets are poorly reported. Proteome microarray is an effective tool with high-throughput and rapid platform that systematically identifies the protein targets. In this study, we have used yeast proteome microarrays for systematical identification of the yeast protein targets of Lactoferricin B (Lfcin B) and Histatin-5. A total of 140 and 137 protein targets were identified from the triplicate yeast proteome microarray assays for Lfcin B and Histatin-5, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that Lfcin B targeted more enrichment categories than Histatin-5 did in all GO biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. This might be one of the reasons that Lfcin B has a lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) than Histatin-5. Moreover, pairwise essential proteins that have lethal effects on yeast were analyzed through synthetic lethality. A total of 11 synthetic lethal pairs were identified within the protein targets of Lfcin B. However, only three synthetic lethal pairs were identified within the protein targets of Histatin-5. The higher number of synthetic lethal pairs identified within the protein targets of Lfcin B might also be the reason for Lfcin B to have lower MIC than Histatin-5. Furthermore, two synthetic lethal pairs were identified between the unique protein targets of Lfcin B and Histatin-5. Both the identified synthetic lethal pairs proteins are part of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) protein complex that regulates gene expression via histone modification. Identification of synthetic lethal pairs between Lfcin B and Histatin-5 and their involvement in the same protein complex indicated synergistic combination between Lfcin B and Histatin-5. This hypothesis was experimentally confirmed by growth inhibition assay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T11:23:18Z","timestamp":1566991398000},"page":"4218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Systematical Analysis of the Protein Targets of Lactoferricin B and Histatin-5 Using Yeast Proteome Microarrays"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pramod","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Sheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli 32001, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Food Safety\/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00036","article-title":"Antifungal Therapy: New Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Mycosis","volume":"8","author":"Scorzoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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