{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:54:25Z","timestamp":1775019265343,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the current study we investigate the mechanisms of action of short acting inhaled insulin Exubera\u00ae, on hepatic glucose production (HGP), plasma glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. 11 T2D (Type 2 Diabetes) subjects (age = 53 \u00b1 3 years) were studied at baseline (BAS) and after 16-weeks of Exubera\u00ae treatment. At BAS and after 16-weeks subjects received: measurement of HGP (3-3H-glucose); oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); and a 24-h plasma glucose (24-h PG) profile. At end of study (EOS) we observed a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose (FPG, 215 \u00b1 15 to 137 \u00b1 11 mg\/dl), 2-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG, 309 \u00b1 9 to 264 \u00b1 11 mg\/dl), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c, 10.3 \u00b1 0.5% to 7.5 \u00b1 0.3%,), mean 24-h PG profile (212 \u00b1 17 to 141 \u00b1 8 mg\/dl), FFA fasting (665 \u00b1 106 to 479 \u00b1 61 \u03bcM), post-OGTT (433 \u00b1 83 to 239 \u00b1 28 \u03bcM), and triglyceride (213 \u00b1 39 to 120 \u00b1 14 mg\/dl), while high density cholesterol (HDL-C) increased (35 \u00b1 3 to 47 \u00b1 9 mg\/dl). The basal HGP decreased significantly and the insulin secretion\/insulin resistance (disposition) index increased significantly. There were no episodes of hypoglycemia and no change in pulmonary function at EOS. After 16-weeks of inhaled insulin Exubera\u00ae we observed a marked improvement in glycemic control by decreasing HGP and 24-h PG profile, and decreased FFA and triglyceride concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T11:26:22Z","timestamp":1567077982000},"page":"4230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mechanism of Action of Inhaled Insulin on Whole Body Glucose Metabolism in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3264-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rucha J.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia","family":"Gastaldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"},{"name":"Cardiometabolic Risk Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogdana","family":"Balas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ricotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"},{"name":"Cardiometabolic Risk Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph A.","family":"DeFronzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devjit","family":"Tripathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"},{"name":"South Texas Veteran Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-9028","article-title":"Banting Lecture. 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