{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:39:09Z","timestamp":1785497949043,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]],"date-time":"2019-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors are among the most commonly used drugs in the western world for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, they are also well-known to increase the risk of coronary events. This area is of renewed significance given alarming new evidence suggesting this effect can occur even with acute usage. This contrasts with the well-established usage of aspirin as a mainstay for cardiovascular prophylaxis, as well as overwhelming evidence that COX inhibition induces vasodilation and is protective for vascular function. Here, we present an updated review of the preclinical and clinical literature regarding the cardiotoxicity of COX inhibitors. While studies to date have focussed on the role of COX in influencing renal and vascular function, we suggest an interaction between prostanoids and T cells may be a novel factor, mediating elevated cardiovascular disease risk with NSAID use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]],"date-time":"2019-08-30T10:31:17Z","timestamp":1567161077000},"page":"4262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Cyclo-Oxygenase (COX) Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk: Are Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Really Anti-Inflammatory?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Shanzana","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"},{"name":"Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"},{"name":"Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaye P. F.","family":"Chin-Dusting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"},{"name":"Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0214752","article-title":"Opposite effects of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 activity on the pressor response to angiotensin II","volume":"110","author":"Qi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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