{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:38:56Z","timestamp":1790365136726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science and Higher Education in the range of the program entitled &quot;Regional initiative of Excellence&quot; for the years 2019-2022","award":["Project No. 010\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project No. 010\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Somatostatin (SOM) is an active substance which most commonly occurs in endocrine cells, as well as in the central and peripheral nervous system. One of the parts of the nervous system where the presence of SOM has been confirmed is the enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the wall of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It regulates most of the functions of the stomach and intestine and it is characterized by complex organization and a high degree of independence from the central nervous system. SOM has been described in the ENS of numerous mammal species and its main functions in the GI tract are connected with the inhibition of the intestinal motility and secretory activity. Moreover, SOM participates in sensory and pain stimuli conduction, modulation of the release of other neuronal factors, and regulation of blood flow in the intestinal vessels. This peptide is also involved in the pathological processes in the GI tract and is known as an anti-inflammatory agent. This paper, which focuses primarily on the distribution of SOM in the ENS and extrinsic intestinal innervation in various mammalian species, is a review of studies concerning this issue published from 1973 to the present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T10:52:26Z","timestamp":1568112746000},"page":"4461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Somatostatin as an Active Substance in the Mammalian Enteric Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3528-3958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slawomir","family":"Gonkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski Str. 13, 10\u2013718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Rytel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowski Str. 14, 10\u2013718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4068.77","article-title":"Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive growth hormone","volume":"179","author":"Brazeau","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(80)81310-X","article-title":"N-terminally extended somatostatin: The primary structure of somatostatin-28","volume":"1","author":"Pradayrol","year":"1980","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2003.11.008","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor subtypes: Basic pharmacology and tissue distribution","volume":"36","author":"Corleto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dig. 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