{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:57:40Z","timestamp":1790312260799,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009591","name":"Ministerium f\u00fcr Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRW Strategieprojekt BioSC (No. 313\/323-400-00213)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRW Strategieprojekt BioSC (No. 313\/323-400-00213)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009591","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009318","name":"Helmholtz Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD-311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD-311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diseases caused by multi-drug resistant pathogens have become a global concern. Therefore, new approaches suitable for treating these bacteria are urgently needed. In this study, we analyzed genetically encoded photosensitizers (PS) related to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) photoreceptors for their exogenous applicability as light-triggered antimicrobial agents. Depending on their specific photophysical properties and photochemistry, these PSs can produce different toxic ROS (reactive oxygen species) such as O2\u2022\u2212 and H2O2 via type-I, as well as 1O2 via type-II reaction in response to light. By using cell viability assays and microfluidics, we could demonstrate differences in the intracellular and extracellular phototoxicity of the applied PS. While intracellular expression and exogenous supply of GFP-related PSs resulted in a slow inactivation of E. coli and pathogenic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, illumination of LOV-based PSs such as the singlet oxygen photosensitizing protein SOPP3 resulted in a fast and homogeneous killing of these microbes. Furthermore, our data indicate that the ROS type and yield as well as the localization of the applied PS protein can strongly influence the antibacterial spectrum and efficacy. These findings open up new opportunities for photodynamic inactivation of pathogenic bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T04:26:46Z","timestamp":1568780806000},"page":"4608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Genetically Encoded Photosensitizers as Light-Triggered Antimicrobial Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8749-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabienne","family":"Hilgers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, D-52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2790-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora Lisa","family":"Bitzenhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, D-52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannic","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, D-52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7987-1209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Burmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiscale Bioengineering, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, D-52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gr\u00fcnberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiscale Bioengineering, Bielefeld University, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, D-52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6036-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl-Erich","family":"Jaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, D-52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, D-52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0096-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Drepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University D\u00fcsseldorf, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, D-52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.6.17889","article-title":"All you need is light","volume":"2","author":"Denis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00117-14","article-title":"The Challenge of Efflux-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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