{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:37:44Z","timestamp":1784140664756,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007688","name":"American University of Beirut","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MPP 320133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MPP 320133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007688","name":"American University of Beirut","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Farouk Jabre"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Farouk Jabre"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Petra","award":["5\/4\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/4\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Like other organs, the heart undergoes normal adaptive remodeling, such as cardiac hypertrophy, with age. This remodeling, however, is intensified under stress and pathological conditions. Cardiac remodeling could be beneficial for a short period of time, to maintain a normal cardiac output in times of need; however, chronic cardiac hypertrophy may lead to heart failure and death. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to have a role in the regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. This paper reviews recent advances in the field of miRNAs and cardiac hypertrophy, highlighting the latest findings for targeted genes and involved signaling pathways. By targeting pro-hypertrophic genes and signaling pathways, some of these miRNAs alleviate cardiac hypertrophy, while others enhance it. Therefore, miRNAs represent very promising potential pharmacotherapeutic targets for the management and treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T11:02:00Z","timestamp":1569236520000},"page":"4714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["MicroRNAs in Cardiac Hypertrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Wehbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Nasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3031-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Pintus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Badran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, P.O. Box 961343, Amman 11196, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Baydoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3495","article-title":"Molecular basis of physiological heart growth: Fundamental concepts and new players","volume":"14","author":"Maillet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00630-0","article-title":"Cardiac remodeling-concepts and clinical implications: A consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling","volume":"35","author":"Cohn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, L.C., Zhihong, Z., Hinson, A., and Guccione, J.M. (2013). Reduction in left ventricular wall stress and improvement in function in failing hearts using Algisyl-LVR. J. Vis. Exp.","DOI":"10.3791\/50096"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0007-y","article-title":"Mechanisms of physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"15","author":"Nakamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2016.06.001","article-title":"Physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"97","author":"Shimizu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.079426","article-title":"The fuzzy logic of physiological cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"49","author":"Dorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-012-0307-z","article-title":"Increased afterload induces pathological cardiac hypertrophy: A new in vitro model","volume":"107","author":"Hirt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001878","article-title":"Pathological ventricular remodeling: Mechanisms: Part 1 of 2","volume":"128","author":"Burchfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03086131","article-title":"Cardiac remodelling: Concentric versus eccentric hypertrophy in strength and endurance athletes","volume":"16","author":"Mihl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neth. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S258","DOI":"10.1054\/jcaf.2002.129250","article-title":"Concentric versus eccentric remodeling","volume":"8","author":"Carabello","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1477-x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: Signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets","volume":"89","author":"Tham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000126","article-title":"Targeting cardiac hypertrophy: Toward a causal heart failure therapy","volume":"64","author":"Bisping","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3932","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in cardiac development and disease","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2018.30","article-title":"miRNAS in cardiovascular diseases: Potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets and challenges","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2007.04.004","article-title":"Expression of microRNAs is dynamically regulated during cardiomyocyte hypertrophy","volume":"42","author":"Tatsuguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.9.8.11202","article-title":"The code within the code: microRNAs target coding regions","volume":"9","author":"Forman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2296","article-title":"The mechanics of miRNA-mediated gene silencing: A look under the hood of miRISC","volume":"19","author":"Fabian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalanotto, C., Cogoni, C., and Zardo, G. (2016). MicroRNA in control of gene expression: An overview of nuclear functions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17101712"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01957","article-title":"The nuclear RNase III drosha initiates microRNA processing","volume":"425","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600385","article-title":"MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062961","article-title":"A cellular function for the RNA-interference enzyme dicer in the maturation of the let-7 small temporal RNA","volume":"293","author":"McLachlan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17897","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R900012200","article-title":"The RNA-induced silencing complex: A versatile gene-silencing machine","volume":"284","author":"Pratt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Zhou, T.Y., Cao, J.N., Feng, Q.T., Fu, Y.J., Xu, X., and Yang, C.J. (2018). MicroRNA-206 Downregulates connexin43 in cardiomyocytes to induce cardiac arrhythmias in a transgenic mouse model. Heart Lung Circ.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2018.09.008"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.01.024","article-title":"Distinctive molecular signature and activated signaling pathways in aortic smooth muscle cells of patients with myocardial infarction","volume":"271","author":"Wongsurawat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00042.2017","article-title":"Gene expression profile analysis of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells reveals upregulation of cadherin genes in myocardial infarction patients","volume":"50","author":"Derda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.01.108","article-title":"Transcriptome alterations of vascular smooth muscle cells in aortic wall of myocardial infarction patients","volume":"17","author":"Wongsurawat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.T., Wang, J., Wee, A.S., Yong, Q.W., Tay, E.L., Woo, C.C., Sorokin, V., Richards, A.M., and Ling, L.H. (2016). Differential microRNA expression profile in myxomatous mitral valve prolapse and fibroelastic deficiency valves. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050753"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy253","article-title":"A novel murine model for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy points to a pathogenic role of Wnt signalling and miRNA dysregulation","volume":"115","author":"Calore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.11.011","article-title":"Therapeutic delivery of miR-148a suppresses ventricular dilation in HEart failure","volume":"27","author":"Raso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.207","article-title":"MicroRNAs in myocardial infarction","volume":"12","author":"Boon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.305242","article-title":"Function and therapeutic potential of noncoding RNAs in cardiac fibrosis","volume":"118","author":"Creemers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Liew, O.W., Richards, A.M., and Chen, Y.T. (2016). Overview of microRNAs in cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050749"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/62915","article-title":"MicroRNA in cardiovascular biology and disease","volume":"26","author":"Wojciechowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-018-9797-x","article-title":"Noncoding RNAs in Cardiac Hypertrophy","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.041","article-title":"Circulating miR-29a, among other up-regulated microRNAs, is the only biomarker for both hypertrophy and fibrosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"63","author":"Roncarati","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"119","article-title":"The role of miR-1 in the heart: From cardiac morphogenesis to physiological function","volume":"4","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Genet. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310355","article-title":"Calcium Signaling and Transcriptional Regulation in Cardiomyocytes","volume":"121","author":"Dewenter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81573-1","article-title":"A calcineurin-dependent transcriptional pathway for cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"93","author":"Molkentin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7603","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.21.7603-7613.2002","article-title":"Targeted disruption of NFATc3, but not NFATc4, reveals an intrinsic defect in calcineurin-mediated cardiac hypertrophic growth","volume":"22","author":"Wilkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.01.021","article-title":"Calcineurin-NFAT signaling regulates the cardiac hypertrophic response in coordination with the MAPKs","volume":"63","author":"Molkentin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8282","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4441","article-title":"MicroRNA-1 suppresses cardiac hypertrophy by targeting nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 3","volume":"12","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.09.044","article-title":"Impact of beta-myosin heavy chain expression on cardiac function during stress","volume":"44","author":"Krenz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9006","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1708772114","article-title":"Content of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in cardiomyocytes is regulated by microRNA-1 in physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy","volume":"114","author":"Zaglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-015-2635-4","article-title":"CDK6 mediates the effect of attenuation of miR-1 on provoking cardiomyocyte hypertrophy","volume":"412","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3360","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25781","article-title":"MicroRNA-1 overexpression blunts cardiomyocyte hypertrophy elicited by thyroid hormone","volume":"232","author":"Diniz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2184.2008.00549.x","article-title":"Phosphorylation of pRb by cyclin D kinase is necessary for development of cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"41","author":"Hinrichsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.067165","article-title":"Attenuation of microRNA-1 derepresses the cytoskeleton regulatory protein twinfilin-1 to provoke cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20080608","article-title":"Two biochemically distinct and tissue-specific twinfilin isoforms are generated from the mouse Twf2 gene by alternative promoter usage","volume":"417","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.879429","article-title":"Reciprocal regulation of microRNA-1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 signal transduction cascade in cardiac and skeletal muscle in physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"120","author":"Elia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1302.021","article-title":"Regulation of cell size and contractile function by AKT in cardiomyocytes","volume":"1015","author":"Latronico","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12333","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172376399","article-title":"Akt induces enhanced myocardial contractility and cell size in vivo in transgenic mice","volume":"99","author":"Condorelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.139519","article-title":"Reciprocal repression between microRNA-133 and calcineurin regulates cardiac hypertrophy: A novel mechanism for progressive cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"55","author":"Dong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9181","DOI":"10.1021\/jf100688t","article-title":"Influence of boron on carrot cell wall structure and its resistance to fracture","volume":"58","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-3140-8","article-title":"MicroRNA-133a attenuates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by targeting PKC\u03b4 and Gq","volume":"439","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1738708","article-title":"MicroRNA-133a regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation and suppresses smooth muscle gene expression in the heart","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1054","article-title":"miR133a regulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-015-0504-7","article-title":"Cardiac microRNA-133 is down-regulated in thyroid hormone-mediated cardiac hypertrophy partially via Type 1 angiotensin II receptor","volume":"110","author":"Diniz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2006.03.004","article-title":"Norepinephrine-induced changes in gene expression of phospholipase C in cardiomyocytes","volume":"41","author":"Singal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-133983","article-title":"Gq-initiated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is mediated by phospholipase Cbeta1b","volume":"23","author":"Filtz","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"223","article-title":"Adrenergic signaling molecular complexes","volume":"154","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gac. Med. Mex."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.16-020","article-title":"MicroRNA-10a targets T-box 5 to inhibit the development of cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Heart. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.07.016","article-title":"Overexpression of miR-135b attenuates pathological cardiac hypertrophy by targeting CACNA1C","volume":"269","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.146","article-title":"Overexpression of miR-142-3p improves mitochondrial function in cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"108","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001357","article-title":"Macrophage microRNA-155 promotes cardiac hypertrophy and failure","volume":"128","author":"Heymans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.303784","article-title":"Loss of MicroRNA-155 protects the heart from pathological cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"114","author":"Seok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3506","article-title":"miR-155 functions downstream of angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 and calcineurin to regulate cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3340297","article-title":"Interleukin-6-type cytokine signalling through the gp130\/Jak\/STAT pathway","volume":"334","author":"Heinrich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.01.047","article-title":"A new miRNA regulator, miR-672, reduces cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting JUN expression","volume":"648","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ming, S., Shui-Yun, W., Wei, Q., Jian-Hui, L., Ru-Tai, H., Lei, S., Mei, J., Hui, W., and Ji-Zheng, W. (2018). MiR-139-5p inhibits isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by targetting c-Jun. Biosci. Rep., 38.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20171430"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2012.11.015","article-title":"miR-150 regulates high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by targeting the transcriptional co-activator p300","volume":"319","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10151","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.24.23.10151-10160.2004","article-title":"Jumonji represses atrial natriuretic factor gene expression by inhibiting transcriptional activities of cardiac transcription factors","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(03)00189-8","article-title":"jumonji downregulates cardiac cell proliferation by repressing cyclin D1 expression","volume":"5","author":"Toyoda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01383.2010","article-title":"Angiotensin II and norepinephrine activate specific calcineurin-dependent NFAT transcription factor isoforms in cardiomyocytes","volume":"111","author":"Lunde","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.300682","article-title":"MicroRNA-22 regulates cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in response to stress","volume":"112","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00053.2015","article-title":"The role of sirtuins in cardiac disease","volume":"309","author":"Matsushima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928326","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/928326","article-title":"Roles and targets of class I and IIa histone deacetylases in cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"2011","author":"Kee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp014","article-title":"Cardiac regulation by phosphoinositide 3-kinases and PTEN","volume":"82","author":"Oudit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22852","article-title":"Attenuation of microRNA-22 derepressed PTEN to effectively protect rat cardiomyocytes from hypertrophy","volume":"227","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1159\/000350117","article-title":"MicroRNA-22 downregulation by atorvastatin in a mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy: A new mechanism for antihypertrophic intervention","volume":"31","author":"Tu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2018.05.013","article-title":"MiR-217 promotes cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction by targeting PTEN","volume":"12","author":"Nie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic acids"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88353","article-title":"The H3K9 dimethyltransferases EHMT1\/2 protect against pathological cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"127","author":"Thienpont","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2013.07.002","article-title":"Histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferases, G9a and GLP are essential for cardiac morphogenesis","volume":"130","author":"Inagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01737-4","article-title":"Cardiac myocyte miR-29 promotes pathological remodeling of the heart by activating Wnt signaling","volume":"8","author":"Sassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J.Y., Chen, C., Xu, X., and Lu, Q. (2019). miR-29a promotes pathological cardiac hypertrophy by targeting the PTEN\/AKT\/mTOR signalling pathway and suppressing autophagy. Acta Physiol.","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13323"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13252","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27997","article-title":"MiR-29a attenuates cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of PPARdelta expression","volume":"234","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.03.015","article-title":"MicroRNA-29a-3p attenuates ET-1-induced hypertrophic responses in H9c2 cardiomyocytes","volume":"585","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2838-3","article-title":"MicroRNA-200c modulates DUSP-1 expression in diabetes-induced cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"424","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14135","article-title":"Down-regulation of miR-200c attenuates AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via targeting the MLCK-mediated pathway","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.88.1.88","article-title":"The dual-specificity phosphatase MKP-1 limits the cardiac hypertrophic response in vitro and in vivo","volume":"88","author":"Bueno","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.161687","article-title":"Identification of cardiac-specific myosin light chain kinase","volume":"102","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2959","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-200c protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced apoptosis by targeting GATA-4","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2017.63.4.4","article-title":"Role of microRNA-124 in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II","volume":"63","author":"Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.01.108","article-title":"MicroRNA-365 accelerates cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting autophagy via the modulation of Skp2 expression","volume":"484","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, H., Wu, J., Chen, P., Wang, J., Deng, Y., Zhu, G., Xian, J., Huang, L., and Ouyang, W. (2019). MicroRNA-375-3p inhibitor suppresses angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by promoting lactate dehydrogenase B expression. J. Cell. Physiol.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28116"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2016.05.012","article-title":"Haloperidol aggravates transverse aortic constriction-induced heart failure via mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"131","author":"Shinoda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.03.006","article-title":"MicroRNA-297 promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via targeting sigma-1 receptor","volume":"175","author":"Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108977","article-title":"Involvement of microRNA-23b-5p in the promotion of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction via the HMGB2 signaling pathway","volume":"116","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"329","article-title":"High-mobility group boxes mediate cell proliferation and radiosensitivity via retinoblastoma-interaction-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2011.07.010","article-title":"A phenotypic screen to identify hypertrophy-modulating microRNAs in primary cardiomyocytes","volume":"52","author":"Jentzsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306624","article-title":"MiR-206 mediates YAP-induced cardiac hypertrophy and survival","volume":"117","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3539","article-title":"Forkhead box proteins: Tuning forks for transcriptional harmony","volume":"13","author":"Lam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2018.07.008","article-title":"Multiple functions of p27 in cell cycle, apoptosis, epigenetic modification and transcriptional regulation for the control of cell growth: A double-edged sword protein","volume":"69","author":"Abbastabar","year":"2018","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2006","article-title":"Cardiac myocyte cell cycle control in development, disease, and regeneration","volume":"87","author":"Ahuja","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.232793","article-title":"Cardiac hypertrophy is positively regulated by microRNA24 in rats","volume":"131","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dehaini, H., Awada, H., El-Yazbi, A., Zouein, F.A., Issa, K., Eid, A.A., Ibrahim, M., Badran, A., Baydoun, E., and Pintus, G. (2019). MicroRNAs as potential pharmaco-targets in ischemia-reperfusion injury compounded by diabetes. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020152"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/19\/4714\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:23:16Z","timestamp":1760188996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/19\/4714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20194714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20194714","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]}}}