{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:09:39Z","timestamp":1790777379176,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology","award":["JP25122712"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25122712"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H06130, 19K21246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H06130, 19K21246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Kitasato University Research Grant for Young Researchers","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u039deuronal and glial cells play an important role in the development of vasculature in the retina. In this study, we investigated whether re-vascularization occurs in retinal neurodegenerative injury models. To induce retinal injury, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA, 200 nmol) or kainic acid (KA, 20 nmol) was injected into the vitreous chamber of the eye on postnatal day (P)7. Morphological changes in retinal neurons and vasculature were assessed on P14, P21, and P35. Prevention of vascular growth and regression of some capillaries were observed on P14 in retinas of NMDA- and KA-treated eyes. However, vascular growth and re-vascularization started on P21, and the retinal vascular network was established by P35 in retinas with neurodegenerative injuries. The re-vascularization was suppressed by a two-day treatment with KRN633, an inhibitor of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase, on P21 and P22. Astrocytes and M\u00fcller cells expressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the distribution pattern of VEGF was almost the same between the control and the NMDA-induced retinal neurodegenerative injury model, except for the difference in the thickness of the inner retinal layer. During re-vascularization, angiogenic sprouts from pre-existing blood vessels were present along the network of fibronectins formed by astrocytes. These results suggest that glial cells contribute to angiogenesis in neonatal rat models of retinal neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T03:06:51Z","timestamp":1569467211000},"page":"4759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cellular Mechanisms of Angiogenesis in Neonatal Rat Models of Retinal Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Daiki","family":"Asano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Hokazono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shogo","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akane","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7579-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.17.030194.000335","article-title":"Cloned glutamate receptors","volume":"17","author":"Hollmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. 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