{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T15:25:43Z","timestamp":1793892343095,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010414","name":"Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRB-MRCG-2016-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRB-MRCG-2016-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Diabetes Ireland","award":["HRB-MRCG-2016-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRB-MRCG-2016-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term exposure to a diabetic environment leads to changes in bone metabolism and impaired bone micro-architecture through a variety of mechanisms on molecular and structural levels. These changes predispose the bone to an increased fracture risk and impaired osseus healing. In a clinical practice, adequate control of diabetes mellitus is essential for preventing detrimental effects on bone health. Alternative fracture risk assessment tools may be needed to accurately determine fracture risk in patients living with diabetes mellitus. Currently, there is no conclusive model explaining the mechanism of action of diabetes mellitus on bone health, particularly in view of progenitor cells. In this review, the best available literature on the impact of diabetes mellitus on bone health in vitro and in vivo is summarised with an emphasis on future translational research opportunities in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T13:16:41Z","timestamp":1569849401000},"page":"4873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Bone Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cliodhna E.","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Dangan, Newcastle Road, Galway City, County Galway H91W2TY, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Dangan, Newcastle Road, Galway City, County Galway H91W2TY, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0440","article-title":"Prospective study of diabetes and risk of hip fracture: the Nurses\u2019 Health Study","volume":"29","author":"Janghorbani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm106","article-title":"Systematic review of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of fracture","volume":"166","author":"Janghorbani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3279-7","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and risk of hip fractures: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1188","article-title":"High Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk in Type 2 Diabetes as Skeletal Complications of Inadequate Glucose Control: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"36","author":"Oei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.04.017","article-title":"Risk factors for fragility fractures in type 1 diabetes","volume":"125","author":"Leanza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loder, R.T. (1988). The influence of diabetes mellitus on the healing of closed fractures. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 210\u2013216.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198807000-00028"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199906000-00008","article-title":"Early wound complications of operative treatment of calcaneus fractures: analysis of 190 fractures","volume":"13","author":"Folk","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2010.01923.x","article-title":"The effect of diabetes mellitus on osseous healing","volume":"21","author":"Retzepi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implant. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.021","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and hip fracture: a study of 5966 cases","volume":"42","author":"Norris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.02.027","article-title":"The societal burden of osteoporosis in Sweden","volume":"40","author":"Sobocki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4248\/BR201302007","article-title":"IGF-1 Signaling is Essential for Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Peak Bone Mass","volume":"1","author":"Crane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R127","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0820","article-title":"MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Mechanisms and evaluation of bone fragility in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"174","author":"Hough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, D.R., Gordon, R.J., Kelley, J.C., Leonard, M.B., Willi, S.M., Hatch-Stein, J., Kelly, A., Kosacci, O., Kucheruk, O., and Kaafarani, M. (2019). Poor glycemic control is associated with impaired bone accrual in the year following a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00035"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.03.039","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes onset at young age is associated with compromised bone quality","volume":"123","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"629","article-title":"Glycemic control and bone mineral density in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Fuusager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil-D\u00edaz, M.C., Raynor, J., O\u2019Brien, K.O., Schwartz, G.J., and Weber, D.R. (2019). Systematic review: associations of calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and physical activity with skeletal outcomes in people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01334-5"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.153","article-title":"Mechanisms of diabetes mellitus-induced bone fragility","volume":"13","author":"Napoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690783","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/690783","article-title":"The alliance of mesenchymal stem cells, bone, and diabetes","volume":"2014","author":"Napoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0253-4","article-title":"Discrepancies in bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes--a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13761","article-title":"Fracture risk in young and middle-aged adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Thong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.233","article-title":"Bone, sweet bone\u2014osteoporotic fractures in diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Hamann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hariri, A.F., Almatrafi, M.N., Zamka, A.B., Babaker, A.S., Fallatah, T.M., Althouwaibi, O.H., and Hamdi, A.S. (2019, July 22). Relationship between Body Mass Index and T-Scores of Bone Mineral Density in the Hip and Spine Regions among Older Adults with Diabetes: A Retrospective Review. Available online: https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jobe\/2019\/9827403\/.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9827403"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-003-0023-7","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus: Does it Affect Bone?","volume":"73","author":"Schwartz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-015-0260-5","article-title":"Diabetes, diabetic complications, and fracture risk","volume":"13","author":"Oei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3240","article-title":"Diabetes and Deficits in Cortical Bone Density, Microarchitecture, and Bone Size: Framingham HR-pQCT Study","volume":"33","author":"Samelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone  Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.01.009","article-title":"Marrow adipose tissue imaging in humans","volume":"118","author":"Singhal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0226","article-title":"High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomographic imaging of cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"95","author":"Burghardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-016-0336-x","article-title":"Diabetes and Bone Marrow Adiposity","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1950","article-title":"Bone marrow fat composition as a novel imaging biomarker in postmenopausal women with prevalent fragility fractures","volume":"28","author":"Patsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2106","article-title":"In vivo assessment of bone quality in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Farr","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(95)00076-P","article-title":"The strength of a calcified tissue depends in part on the molecular structure and organization of its constituent mineral crystals in their organic matrix","volume":"16","author":"Landis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra053077","article-title":"Bone quality--the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility","volume":"354","author":"Seeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, M., and Marumo, K. (2013). Bone Quality in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00072"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070510","article-title":"Osteoporosis in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"22","author":"Hofbauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.489","article-title":"Cytoplasmic superoxide causes bone fragility owing to low-turnover osteoporosis and impaired collagen cross-linking","volume":"26","author":"Nojiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-1066-z","article-title":"Collagen cross-links as a determinant of bone quality: a possible explanation for bone fragility in aging, osteoporosis, and diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Saito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"104","article-title":"Altered Bone Metabolic Markers In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Impact of Glycemic Control","volume":"3","author":"Sultan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(95)01040-K","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels decreased in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Scragg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0298","article-title":"The Role of Vitamin D and Calcium in Type 2 Diabetes. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"92","author":"Pittas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25649","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700651200","article-title":"Disruption of the insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor in osteoblasts enhances insulin signaling and action","volume":"282","author":"Fulzele","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4644(20001101)79:2<301::AID-JCB130>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Extracellular glucose influences osteoblast differentiation and c-Jun expression","volume":"79","author":"Zayzafoon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20842","article-title":"Chronic hyperglycemia modulates osteoblast gene expression through osmotic and non-osmotic pathways","volume":"99","author":"Botolin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.10.032","article-title":"High glucose concentrations alter the biomineralization process in human osteoblastic cells","volume":"50","author":"Arzate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00705.x","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor-alpha plasma level in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and its association with glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"248","author":"Lechleitner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21626","article-title":"Bone inflammation and altered gene expression with type I diabetes early onset","volume":"218","author":"Motyl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22357","article-title":"The bone marrow microenvironment contributes to type I diabetes induced osteoblast death","volume":"226","author":"Coe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-014-0202-7","article-title":"Diabetes, collagen, and bone quality","volume":"12","author":"Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy, A.D., Etcheverry, S.B., Bruzzone, L., Lettieri, G., Barrio, D.A., and Cortizo, A.M. (2001). Non-enzymatic glycosylation of a type I collagen matrix: effects on osteoblastic development and oxidative stress. BMC Cell Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-2-16"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.4.405","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Development of Complications in Diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Baynes","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1759","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and bone","volume":"27","author":"Leslie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0754-4","article-title":"Changes in non-enzymatic glycation and its association with altered mechanical properties following 1-year treatment with risedronate or alendronate","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0155-5","article-title":"Role of collagen enzymatic and glycation induced cross-links as a determinant of bone quality in spontaneously diabetic WBN\/Kob rats","volume":"17","author":"Saito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(00)00434-8","article-title":"Influence of nonenzymatic glycation on biomechanical properties of cortical bone","volume":"28","author":"Vashishth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.050514","article-title":"Advanced glycation end-products attenuate human mesenchymal stem cells and prevent cognate differentiation into adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone","volume":"20","author":"Kume","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1433.044","article-title":"Pentosidine effects on human osteoblasts in vitro","volume":"1126","author":"Sanguineti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110709","article-title":"Role of nonenzymatic glycosylation of type I collagen in diabetic osteopenia","volume":"11","author":"Katayama","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5691","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610536200","article-title":"Non-enzymatic glycation of bone collagen modifies osteoclastic activity and differentiation","volume":"282","author":"Valcourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-991157","article-title":"The combination of high glucose and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) inhibits the mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells through glucose-induced increase in the receptor for AGEs","volume":"39","author":"Ogawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-007-9557-8","article-title":"Regulation of advanced glycation end product (AGE) receptors and apoptosis by AGEs in osteoblast-like cells","volume":"306","author":"Mercer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.08.002","article-title":"Unlocking the biology of RAGE in diabetic microvascular complications","volume":"25","author":"Manigrasso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.02.091","article-title":"Effects of high glucose and advanced glycation end products on the expressions of sclerostin and RANKL as well as apoptosis in osteocyte-like MLO-Y4-A2 cells","volume":"461","author":"Tanaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iacobini, C., Fantauzzi, C.B., Pugliese, G., and Menini, S. (2017). Role of Galectin-3 in Bone Cell Differentiation, Bone Pathophysiology and Vascular Osteogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112481"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.07706.x","article-title":"Role of galectin-3 as a receptor for advanced glycosylation end products","volume":"58","author":"Pricci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.188","article-title":"Epigenetic phenomena linked to diabetic complications","volume":"6","author":"Pirola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2014.04.014","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms of hyperglycemic memory","volume":"51","author":"Cencioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081188","article-title":"Transient high glucose causes persistent epigenetic changes and altered gene expression during subsequent normoglycemia","volume":"205","author":"Brasacchio","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1666","article-title":"Hyperglycemia induces a dynamic cooperativity of histone methylase and demethylase enzymes associated with gene-activating epigenetic marks that coexist on the lysine tail","volume":"58","author":"Brasacchio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0806470","article-title":"10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes","volume":"359","author":"Holman","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052187","article-title":"Diabetes Control and Complications Trial\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT\/EDIC) Study Research Group Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"353","author":"Nathan","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1995). The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes, 44, 968\u2013983.","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.44.8.968"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2316-9","article-title":"Diabetes propels the risk for cardiovascular disease: sweet monocytes becoming aggressive?","volume":"73","author":"Thiem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1063","article-title":"The MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Memory","volume":"156","author":"Zhong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv599","article-title":"MicroRNA profiling unveils hyperglycaemic memory in the diabetic heart","volume":"37","author":"Costantino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0872","article-title":"Epigenetic Changes in Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells Influence the Inflammatory Phenotype and Alter Wound Healing in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Gallagher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1824","article-title":"Clinical review 2: The \u201cmetabolic memory\u201d: is more than just tight glucose control necessary to prevent diabetic complications?","volume":"94","author":"Ceriello","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-015-0413-0","article-title":"A signature of microRNA-155 in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications","volume":"71","author":"Khamaneh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.300598","article-title":"Global Remodeling of the Vascular Stem Cell Niche in Bone Marrow of Diabetic Patients","volume":"112","author":"Spinetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0660-9","article-title":"p66Shc gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and progression of diabetic complications","volume":"17","author":"Fadini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F14","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00200.2010","article-title":"The role of epigenetics in the pathology of diabetic complications","volume":"299","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2016-1122","article-title":"Emerging Roles for MicroRNAs in Diabetic Microvascular Disease: Novel Targets for Therapy","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.192914","article-title":"Bone turnover markers: Emerging tool in the management of osteoporosis","volume":"20","author":"Shetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2010.23.7.697","article-title":"Decreased bone turnover in children and adolescents with well controlled type 1 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Maggio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"510","article-title":"Bone turnover markers in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes-A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Madsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ham, J.R., Choi, R.-Y., Lee, H.-I., and Lee, M.-K. (2019). Methoxsalen and Bergapten Prevent Diabetes-Induced Osteoporosis by the Suppression of Osteoclastogenic Gene Expression in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061298"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2676-7","article-title":"Biochemical markers of bone turnover in diabetes patients--a meta-analysis, and a methodological study on the effects of glucose on bone markers","volume":"25","author":"Eriksen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-017-0857-0","article-title":"Low serum osteocalcin concentration is associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese women","volume":"36","author":"Urano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takashi, Y., Ishizu, M., Mori, H., Miyashita, K., Sakamoto, F., Katakami, N., Matsuoka, T.-A., Yasuda, T., Hashida, S., and Matsuhisa, M. (2019). Circulating osteocalcin as a bone-derived hormone is inversely correlated with body fat in patients with type 1 diabetes. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216416"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2186","article-title":"Circulating levels of sclerostin are increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"97","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1901","article-title":"Sclerostin levels associated with inhibition of the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling and reduced bone turnover in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"97","author":"Gaudio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2958","article-title":"Circulating sclerostin levels and bone turnover in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"97","author":"Gennari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.02.019","article-title":"Biochemical bone turnover markers in diabetes mellitus\u2014A systematic review","volume":"82","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0849","article-title":"Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover and Risk of Incident Diabetes in Older Women: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"41","author":"Massera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.06.011","article-title":"Clinical utility of bone markers in various diseases","volume":"114","author":"Vlot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-014-0240-1","article-title":"Epigenetic Pathways Regulating Bone Homeostasis: Potential Targeting for Intervention of Skeletal Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Gordon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"365","article-title":"Chapter 18 - Epigenetic Mechanisms in Osteoporosis","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Moskalev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenetics of Aging and Longevity"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-016-1141-3","article-title":"MiR-148a the epigenetic regulator of bone homeostasis is increased in plasma of osteoporotic postmenopausal women","volume":"128","author":"Bedene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2897","article-title":"Serum miRNA Signatures Are Indicative of Skeletal Fractures in Postmenopausal Women With and Without Type 2 Diabetes and Influence Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells In Vitro","volume":"31","author":"Heilmeier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grieco, G.E., Cataldo, D., Ceccarelli, E., Nigi, L., Catalano, G., Brusco, N., Mancarella, F., Ventriglia, G., Fondelli, C., and Guarino, E. (2018). Serum Levels of miR-148a and miR-21-5p Are Increased in Type 1 Diabetic Patients and Correlated with Markers of Bone Strength and Metabolism. Non-Coding RNA, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna4040037"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1913-x","article-title":"Effects of high glucose and high insulin concentrations on osteoblast function in vitro","volume":"358","author":"Cunha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-004-1070-9","article-title":"Bone metabolism in male patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Achemlal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.08.017","article-title":"Bacterial infection increases periodontal bone loss in diabetic rats through enhanced apoptosis","volume":"183","author":"Pacios","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011798829456","article-title":"Role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in osteoporosis in diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.06.014","article-title":"Malfunction of Bone Marrow Derived Osteoclasts and the Delay of Bone Fracture Healing in Diabetic Mice","volume":"47","author":"Kasahara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.02.006","article-title":"High D(+)glucose concentration inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Wittrant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1239","article-title":"Diabetes causes decreased osteoclastogenesis, reduced bone formation, and enhanced apoptosis of osteoblastic cells in bacteria stimulated bone loss","volume":"145","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21573","article-title":"Understanding the pathology and mechanisms of type I diabetic bone loss","volume":"102","author":"McCabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3109\/03008200009067660","article-title":"Alterations of cartilage and collagen expression during fracture healing in experimental diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Gooch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100180118","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of early fracture healing in normal and diabetic rats","volume":"18","author":"Funk","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.1.7139","article-title":"Study of Osteoporotic Features Research Group Older women with diabetes have an increased risk of fracture: A prospective study","volume":"86","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fors\u00e9n, L., Meyer, H.E., Midthjell, K., and Edna, T.-H. (1999). Diabetes mellitus and the incidence of hip fracture: results from the Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag Health Survey. Diabetologia.","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051248"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-0013-x","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and the risk of non-vertebral fractures: The Tromso study","volume":"17","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0614","article-title":"Risk of fracture in women with type 2 diabetes: the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Observational Study","volume":"91","author":"Bonds","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-005-0654-z","article-title":"Factors associated with mortality following hip fracture in Japan","volume":"24","author":"Muraki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"94","article-title":"The effects of diabetes on outcome after hip fracture","volume":"59","author":"Dubey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull. (Hosp. Jt. Dis.)"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1909-1","article-title":"Bone mineral density and fracture risk in type-2 diabetes mellitus: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"16","author":"Hofman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2498","article-title":"Pentosidine and increased fracture risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"94","author":"Schwartz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-010-0191-2","article-title":"Urinary pentosidine and plasma homocysteine levels at baseline predict future fractures in osteoporosis patients under bisphosphonate treatment","volume":"29","author":"Shiraki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.05.030","article-title":"Bone microarchitecture, biomechanical properties, and advanced glycation end-products in the proximal femur of adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"114","author":"Karim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2607","article-title":"Non-enzymatic glycation and degree of mineralization are higher in bone from fractured patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Farlay","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.715","article-title":"Association of BMD and FRAX score with risk of fracture in older adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"305","author":"Schwartz","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.556","article-title":"FRAX underestimates fracture risk in patients with diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Giangregorio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3118","article-title":"Manitoba Bone Density Program TBS (trabecular bone score) and diabetes-related fracture risk","volume":"98","author":"Leslie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-C., Wu, J., Kuo, S.-F., Cheung, Y.-C., Sung, C.-M., Fan, C.-M., Chen, F.-P., and Mhuircheartaigh, J.N. (2019). Vertebral Fractures in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Utility of Trabecular Bone Score and Relationship With Serum Bone Turnover Biomarkers. J. Clin. Densitom.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2019.01.003"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho-Pham, L.T., and Nguyen, T.V. (2019). Association between trabecular bone score and type 2 diabetes: A quantitative update of evidence. Osteoporos. Int.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-05053-z"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.1","article-title":"Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions","volume":"8","author":"Claes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.6.1502","article-title":"A role for advanced glycation end products in diminished bone healing in type 1 diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Santana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070115","article-title":"Diminished Bone Formation During Diabetic Fracture Healing is Related to the Premature Resorption of Cartilage Associated With Increased Osteoclast Activity","volume":"22","author":"Kayal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.59","article-title":"TNF-alpha mediates diabetes-enhanced chondrocyte apoptosis during fracture healing and stimulates chondrocyte apoptosis through FOXO1","volume":"25","author":"Kayal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.537","article-title":"Influence of diabetic metabolic state on fracture healing in spontaneously diabetic rats","volume":"21","author":"Follak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.10.042","article-title":"Diabetes causes the accelerated loss of cartilage during fracture repair which is reversed by insulin treatment","volume":"44","author":"Kayal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(02)00066-9","article-title":"The effects of blood glucose control upon fracture healing in the BB Wistar rat with diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Beam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"427","article-title":"Serum osteocalcin increases during fracture healing in elderly women with hip fracture","volume":"16","author":"Akesson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(02)00380-7","article-title":"Changes of serum levels of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3 during fracture healing","volume":"34","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220072","article-title":"Diabetes interferes with the bone formation by affecting the expression of transcription factors that regulate osteoblast differentiation","volume":"144","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1366","article-title":"Diabetes Irreversibly Depletes Bone Marrow\u2013Derived Mesenchymal Progenitor Cell Subpopulations","volume":"63","author":"Januszyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.08.161","article-title":"Effects of high glucose on mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation","volume":"363","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.01.005","article-title":"Decreased pool of mesenchymal stem cells is associated with altered chemokines serum levels in atrophic nonunion fractures","volume":"53","author":"Mathieu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(01)00273-X","article-title":"The biomechanical integrity of bone in experimental diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Reddy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, J.C., Zernicke, R.F., and Barnard, R.J. (1991). Experimental diabetes, insulin treatment, and femoral neck morphology and biomechanics in rats. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 278\u2013285.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199103000-00035"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v4.i3.124","article-title":"Biomechanical characteristics of bone in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: An in-vivo randomized controlled experimental study","volume":"4","author":"Korres","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2012.04.005","article-title":"Diabetic vascular disease: characteristics of vascular disease unique to the diabetic patient","volume":"25","author":"Gibbons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2005.10.008","article-title":"Classification of non-union","volume":"36","author":"Panagiotis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4865-6","article-title":"Bone marrow pericyte dysfunction in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Mangialardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pill, K., Hofmann, S., Redl, H., and Holnthoner, W. (2015). Vascularization mediated by mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue: a comparison. Cell Regen., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-015-0025-8"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"A12722","article-title":"Abstract 12722: Diabetes Alters Circulating Progenitor Cell Content From Regenerative to Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype: Translational Implications for Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"138","author":"Terenzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vizoso, F.J., Eiro, N., Costa, L., Esparza, P., Landin, M., Diaz-Rodriguez, P., Schneider, J., and Perez-Fernandez, R. (2019). Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Homeostasis and Systemic Diseases: Hypothesis, Evidences, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153738"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25814","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes Inhibited Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Angiogenic Response by Over-Activity of the Autophagic Pathway","volume":"118","author":"Rezabakhsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridiandries, A., Tan, J.T.M., and Bursill, C.A. (2018). The Role of Chemokines in Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103217"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1211-2","article-title":"The interrelationship between bone and fat: from cellular see-saw to endocrine reciprocity","volume":"70","author":"Crowther","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711402105","article-title":"High glucose induces adipogenic differentiation of muscle-derived stem cells","volume":"105","author":"Aguiari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1677","article-title":"Increased bone adiposity and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 expression in type I diabetic mice","volume":"146","author":"Botolin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.32707","article-title":"Hyperglycemia inhibits osteoblastogenesis of rat bone marrow stromal cells via activation of the Notch2 signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25976","article-title":"The skeletal cell-derived molecule sclerostin drives bone marrow adipogenesis","volume":"233","author":"Fairfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1041","article-title":"Early-onset type 2 diabetes impairs skeletal acquisition in the male TALLYHO\/JngJ mouse","volume":"155","author":"Devlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin, C., Luyten, F.P., Van der Schueren, B., Kerckhofs, G., and Vandamme, K. (2018). The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Bone Fracture Healing. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00006"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.02.008","article-title":"Marrow adiposity and bone: Review of clinical implications","volume":"118","author":"Paccou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22757","article-title":"Does vertebral bone marrow fat content correlate with abdominal adipose tissue, lumbar spine bone mineral density, and blood biomarkers in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus?","volume":"35","author":"Baum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-5341-4-2","article-title":"Are animal models predictive for humans?","volume":"4","author":"Shanks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Ethics Hum. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12240","article-title":"Complex interplay among adiposity, insulin resistance and bone health","volume":"8","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Obes."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4125","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Hypoxia, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Obese Insulin-Sensitive and Obese Insulin-Resistant Subjects","volume":"101","author":"Lawler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-007-0301-8","article-title":"Dysregulation of the expression and secretion of inflammation-related adipokines by hypoxia in human adipocytes","volume":"455","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.012","article-title":"Increased Adipocyte O2 Consumption Triggers HIF-1\u03b1, Causing Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obesity","volume":"157","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"1","article-title":"Increased inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiration in brown adipose tissue from obese mice","volume":"7","author":"Bustos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Longo, M., Zatterale, F., Naderi, J., Parrillo, L., Formisano, P., Raciti, G.A., Beguinot, F., and Miele, C. (2019). Adipose Tissue Dysfunction as Determinant of Obesity-Associated Metabolic Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092358"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2014.01.002","article-title":"FFAs-ROS-ERK\/P38 pathway plays a key role in adipocyte lipotoxicity on osteoblasts in co-culture","volume":"101","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.08.024","article-title":"Fatty acid metabolism by the osteoblast","volume":"115","author":"Kushwaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuminetti, V., and Arranz, L. (2019). Bone Marrow Adipocytes: The Enigmatic Components of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050707"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knebel, B., Fahlbusch, P., Poschmann, G., Dille, M., Wahlers, N., St\u00fchler, K., Hartwig, S., Lehr, S., Schiller, M., and Jacob, S. (2019). Adipokinome Signatures in Obese Mouse Models Reflect Adipose Tissue Health and Are Associated with Serum Lipid Composition. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102559"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.02.004","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in diabetic bone disorder","volume":"45","author":"Hamada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2018.1427764","article-title":"High glucose induces inflammatory responses in HepG2 cells via the oxidative stress-mediated activation of NF-\u03baB, and MAPK pathways in HepG2 cells","volume":"124","author":"Panahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol.  Biochem."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11410","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.541458","article-title":"Hyperglycemia Diverts Dividing Osteoblastic Precursor Cells to an Adipogenic Pathway and Induces Synthesis of a Hyaluronan Matrix That Is Adhesive for Monocytes","volume":"289","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0024","article-title":"From estrogen-centric to aging and oxidative stress: a revised perspective of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis","volume":"31","author":"Manolagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29069","article-title":"Inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"116","author":"Shoelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2012-0031","article-title":"Impaired therapeutic capacity of autologous stem cells in a model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"1","author":"Shin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0272","article-title":"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Donor Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Exhibit Comparable Potency to Healthy Controls In Vitro","volume":"5","author":"Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2017.0025","article-title":"Intrinsic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Autologous Cell Therapy","volume":"26","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1755","article-title":"Long-term Prediction of Cardiovascular Outcomes by Circulating CD34+ and CD34+CD133+ Stem Cells in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Fadini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.07.017","article-title":"Pharmacologic targeting of the diabetic stem cell mobilopathy","volume":"135","author":"Albiero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104ra101","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002191","article-title":"Diabetes Impairs Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization by Altering Niche Function","volume":"3","author":"Ferraro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0894","article-title":"Diabetes causes bone marrow autonomic neuropathy and impairs stem cell mobilization via dysregulated p66Shc and Sirt1","volume":"63","author":"Albiero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000231289.63468.08","article-title":"Diabetes Promotes Cardiac Stem Cell Aging and Heart Failure, Which Are Prevented by Deletion of the p66shc Gene","volume":"99","author":"Rota","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cir. Res."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E110","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00192.2010","article-title":"MicroRNA-34a induces endothelial progenitor cell senescence and impedes its angiogenesis via suppressing silent information regulator 1","volume":"299","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albiero, M., Ciciliot, S., Tedesco, S., Menegazzo, L., D\u2019Anna, M., Scattolini, V., Cappellari, R., Zuccolotto, G., Rosato, A., and Cignarella, A. (2019). Diabetes-Associated Myelopoiesis Drives Stem Cell Mobilopathy Through an OSM-p66Shc Signaling Pathway. Diabetes, db190080.","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0080"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-012-0313-1","article-title":"Stem cell compartmentalization in diabetes and high cardiovascular risk reveals the role of DPP-4 in diabetic stem cell mobilopathy","volume":"108","author":"Fadini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0187","article-title":"The oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with type 2 diabetes: possible role of stromal-derived factor-1alpha","volume":"33","author":"Fadini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200204046","article-title":"Insulin receptor substrate-2 maintains predominance of anabolic function over catabolic function of osteoblasts","volume":"159","author":"Akune","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9017","article-title":"Insulin receptor substrate-1 in osteoblast is indispensable for maintaining bone turnover","volume":"105","author":"Ogata","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17810","article-title":"Mosaic analysis of insulin receptor function","volume":"113","author":"Kitamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shinohara, M. (2013). The spontaneously diabetic torii rat: an animal model of nonobese type 2 diabetes with severe diabetic complications. Exp. Diabetes Res., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/976209"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070114","article-title":"Intensive insulin therapy and bone mineral density in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a prospective study","volume":"11","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1786-3","article-title":"Relative fracture risk in patients with diabetes mellitus, and the impact of insulin and oral antidiabetic medication on relative fracture risk","volume":"48","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.09.002","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and fracture risk","volume":"63","author":"Dede","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"(2019, September 22). New EASD-ADA consensus guidelines on managing hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes launched at EASD meeting. New recommendations include specific drug classes for some patients and enhancing medication adherence \u2013 Diabetologia. Available online: https:\/\/diabetologia-journal.org\/2018\/10\/05\/new-easd-ada-consensus-guidelines-on-managing-hyperglycaemia-in-type-2-diabetes-launched-at-easd-meeting-new-recommendations-include-specific-drug-classes-for-some-patients-and-enhancing-medication-a\/."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12077","article-title":"Antidiabetic therapy effects on bone metabolism and fracture risk","volume":"15","author":"Montagnani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090732","article-title":"Effect of metformin on bone marrow progenitor cell differentiation: In vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"25","author":"Molinuevo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973986","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/973986","article-title":"Metformin attenuates experimental autoimmune arthritis through reciprocal regulation of Th17\/Treg balance and osteoclastogenesis","volume":"2014","author":"Son","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.08.001","article-title":"AMP kinase acts as a negative regulator of RANKL in the differentiation of osteoclasts","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1284","article-title":"Novel Assay of Metformin Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Varying Levels of Renal Function","volume":"33","author":"Frid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-1057-0","article-title":"Metformin induces apoptosis in mesenchymal stromal cells and dampens their therapeutic efficacy in infarcted myocardium","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.135","article-title":"Prolonged incubation with Metformin decreased angiogenic potential in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"108","author":"Montazersaheb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2470","article-title":"Metformin induces osteoblastic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2270","article-title":"Rosiglitazone-associated fractures in type 2 diabetes: an Analysis from A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT)","volume":"31","author":"Kahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0572","article-title":"Effect of rosiglitazone, metformin, and glyburide on bone biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"95","author":"Zinman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0477-y","article-title":"Skeletal consequences of thiazolidinedione therapy","volume":"19","author":"Grey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.suppl_3.S197","article-title":"The Incretin Approach for Diabetes Treatment: Modulation of Islet Hormone Release by GLP-1 Agonism","volume":"53","author":"Holst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0100","article-title":"Reduced Incretin Effect in Type 2 Diabetes: Cause or Consequence of the Diabetic State?","volume":"56","author":"Knop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.06.010","article-title":"Exendin-4 exerts osteogenic actions in insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic states","volume":"159","author":"Moreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1898","article-title":"Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, prevents osteopenia by promoting bone formation and suppressing bone resorption in aged ovariectomized rats","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E634","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00460.2009","article-title":"Signaling and biological effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow","volume":"298","author":"Sanz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22243","article-title":"Presence of a functional receptor for GLP-1 in osteoblastic cells, independent of the cAMP-linked GLP-1 receptor","volume":"225","author":"Moreno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3123-0","article-title":"Oral anti-diabetic drugs and fracture risk, cut to the bone: safe or dangerous? A narrative review","volume":"26","author":"Palermo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01355.x","article-title":"Exenatide treatment did not affect bone mineral density despite body weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Bunck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12102","article-title":"Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and bone fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"6","author":"Mabilleau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3716","article-title":"Acute Effects of Linagliptin on Progenitor Cells, Monocyte Phenotypes, and Soluble Mediators in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"101","author":"Fadini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-13-92","article-title":"The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor saxagliptin improves function of circulating pro-angiogenic cells from type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"13","author":"Poncina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.3024","article-title":"Association Between Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Agonists, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors With All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"319","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-016-0856-y","article-title":"Role of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"53","author":"Solini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32590-X","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials","volume":"393","author":"Zelniker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hess, D.A., Terenzi, D.C., Trac, J.Z., Quan, A., Mason, T., Al-Omran, M., Bhatt, D.L., Dhingra, N., Rotstein, O.D., and Leiter, L.A. (2019). SGLT2 Inhibition with Empagliflozin Increases Circulating Provascular Progenitor Cells in People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cell Metab.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.08.015"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00824","article-title":"Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Circulating Stem and Progenitor Cells in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"103","author":"Bonora","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4253","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00706","article-title":"The Effects of Dapagliflozin on Systemic and Renal Vascular Function Display an Epigenetic Signature","volume":"104","author":"Solini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3634","article-title":"Marrow fat and bone--new perspectives","volume":"98","author":"Fazeli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0070","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: is osteoporosis the obesity of bone?","volume":"2","author":"Rosen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.11.006","article-title":"Diabetes and Healing Outcomes in Lower Extremity Fractures: A Systematic Review","volume":"49","author":"Gortler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.01.005","article-title":"Hyperglycemic status is associated with an elevated risk of osteoporotic fracture in community-dwelling elderly Japanese men: The Fujiwara-kyo osteoporosis risk in men (FORMEN) cohort study","volume":"121","author":"Iki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00348","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of a Novel Continuous Remote Care Intervention Including Nutritional Ketosis for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A 2-Year Non-randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"10","author":"Athinarayanan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohsin, S., Baniyas, M.M., AlDarmaki, R.S., Tekes, K., Kal\u00e1sz, H., and Adeghate, E.A. (2019). An update on therapies for the treatment of diabetes-induced osteoporosis. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2019.1618266"},{"key":"ref_229","unstructured":"Sundar, G., Sridharan, S., Sundaram, R.R., Prabhu, S., Rao, R., and Rudresh, V. (2019). Impact of well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus on implant stability and bone biomarkers. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Implant."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4649-8","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and fracture risk: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, R.H., Sloane, R., Pieper, C., Lyles, K.W., Adler, R.A., Van Houtven, C., LaFleur, J., and Col\u00f3n-Emeric, C. (2019). Glycemic control and insulin treatment alter fracture risk in older men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Bone Miner. Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3826"},{"key":"ref_232","first-page":"3957","article-title":"Insulin use and fracture risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of 138,690 patients","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2018.04.005","article-title":"The effects of diabetes therapy on bone: A clinical perspective","volume":"32","author":"Kheniser","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12725","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and bone","volume":"283","author":"Compston","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4532-7","article-title":"Assessment of bone quality in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3538","article-title":"Comparison of Methods for Improving Fracture Risk Assessment in Diabetes: The Manitoba BMD Registry","volume":"33","author":"Leslie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4650-2","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of bone fragility in diabetes: an emerging challenge","volume":"29","author":"Ferrari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/19\/4873\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:26:24Z","timestamp":1760189184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/19\/4873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"references-count":237,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20194873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20194873","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]}}}