{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1788522032037,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1144791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1144791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The process of pre-mRNA splicing is a common and fundamental step in the expression of most human genes. Alternative splicing, whereby different splice motifs and sites are recognised in a developmental and\/or tissue-specific manner, contributes to genetic plasticity and diversity of gene expression. Redirecting pre-mRNA processing of various genes has now been validated as a viable clinical therapeutic strategy, providing treatments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (inducing specific exon skipping) and spinal muscular atrophy (promoting exon retention). We have designed and evaluated over 5000 different antisense oligonucleotides to alter splicing of a variety of pre-mRNAs, from the longest known human pre-mRNA to shorter, exon-dense primary gene transcripts. Here, we present our guidelines for designing, evaluating and optimising splice switching antisense oligomers in vitro. These systematic approaches assess several critical factors such as the selection of target splicing motifs, choice of cells, various delivery reagents and crucial aspects of validating assays for the screening of antisense oligonucleotides composed of 2\u2032-O-methyl modified bases on a phosphorothioate backbone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T10:53:03Z","timestamp":1570791183000},"page":"5030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Systematic Approach to Developing Splice Modulating Antisense Oligonucleotides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6379-2303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"May","family":"Aung-Htut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ianthe","family":"Pitout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5249-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loren","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kane","family":"Greer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Wilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia"},{"name":"Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24555","article-title":"Longitudinal effect of eteplirsen versus historical control on ambulation in D uchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"79","author":"Mendell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. 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