{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:14:51Z","timestamp":1791360891975,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JO-886\/1-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JO-886\/1-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008436","name":"Ernst und Berta Grimmke Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008436","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FoRUM (Ruhr-University Bochum)","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma, one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide, is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterized by damage of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve degeneration. However, the exact mechanism leading to glaucoma is still not understood. Evidences suggest an immunological involvement in the pathogenesis. Among other immune responses, altered autoantibody patterns were found in glaucoma patients. Especially elevated antibody levels against heat shock proteins (HSPs), like HSP27 or HSP60, were identified. In an animal model, an immunization with these HSPs induced a pressure-independent retinal ganglion cell degeneration and axon loss, hence mimicking glaucoma-like damage. In addition, development of autoreactive antibodies, as well as a glia and T-cell activation, were described in these animals. Recently, we noted that intravitreal HSP27 injection likewise led to a degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Therefore, HSP27 might have a direct damaging effect on retinal cells, and might play a key role in glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T04:12:59Z","timestamp":1571371979000},"page":"5160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Grotegut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Reinehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7056-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie C.","family":"Joachim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.165.3.1040-1042.1986","article-title":"Effect of ethanol and heat stresses on the protein pattern of Zymomonas mobilis","volume":"165","author":"Michel","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.22.120188.003215","article-title":"The heat-shock proteins","volume":"22","author":"Lindquist","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-008-0068-7","article-title":"Guidelines for the nomenclature of the human heat shock proteins","volume":"14","author":"Kampinga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1632642.321","article-title":"Size dependent classification of heat shock proteins: A mini-review","volume":"12","author":"Jee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1992.72.4.1063","article-title":"Mammalian stress response: Cell physiology, structure\/function of stress proteins, and implications for medicine and disease","volume":"72","author":"Welch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53882-5","article-title":"Small heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones","volume":"268","author":"Jakob","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.7.6.6281","article-title":"Hsp60 expression, new locations, functions and perspectives for cancer diagnosis and therapy","volume":"7","author":"Cappello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02216.x","article-title":"Evolution of the chaperonin families (Hsp60, Hsp10 and Tcp-1) of proteins and the origin of eukaryotic cells","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02292","article-title":"Detection of HSP60 on the membrane surface of stressed human endothelial cells by atomic force and confocal microscopy","volume":"118","author":"Pfister","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401417","article-title":"Functions of heat shock proteins in pathways of the innate and adaptive immune system","volume":"193","author":"Binder","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nri749","article-title":"Roles of heat-shock proteins in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"2","author":"Srivastava","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.11.1957","article-title":"Receptor-mediated uptake of antigen\/heat shock protein complexes results in major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation via two distinct processing pathways","volume":"191","author":"Castellino","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.3.1303","article-title":"Isolation of MHC class I-restricted tumor antigen peptide and its precursors associated with heat shock proteins hsp70, hsp90, and gp96","volume":"162","author":"Ishii","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.19","article-title":"Role of heat shock proteins in protection from and pathogenesis of infectious diseases","volume":"12","author":"Zugel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1991.tb00823.x","article-title":"Heat-shock protein 60: Implications for pathogenesis of and protection against bacterial infections","volume":"121","author":"Kaufmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.12.1560","article-title":"Endothelial cytotoxicity mediated by serum antibodies to heat shock proteins of Escherichia coli and Chlamydia pneumoniae: Immune reactions to heat shock proteins as a possible link between infection and atherosclerosis","volume":"99","author":"Mayr","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22567","article-title":"Differential recognition of heat-shock protein dnaJ-derived epitopes by effector and Treg cells leads to modulation of inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"56","author":"Massa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.217877","article-title":"Heat shock protein 60 and immune inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Grundtman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(95)80067-0","article-title":"Is atherosclerosis an Immunol.ly mediated disease?","volume":"16","author":"Wick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8017571","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8017571","article-title":"Does Hsp60 Provide a Link between Mitochondrial Stress and Inflammation in Diabetes Mellitus?","volume":"2016","author":"Juwono","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.3.1032","article-title":"A role of Hsp60 in autoimmune diabetes: Analysis in a transgenic model","volume":"93","author":"Birk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-019-01000-3","article-title":"Heat shock proteins in the therapy of autoimmune diseases: Too simple to be true?","volume":"24","author":"Tukaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01599","article-title":"The Enigma of Heat Shock Proteins in Immune Tolerance","volume":"8","author":"Jansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0306164","article-title":"DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: All we need to know about danger","volume":"81","author":"Bianchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47861-6_3","article-title":"Heat Shock Proteins in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"958","author":"Pinar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2006.00689.x","article-title":"Specific association of small heat shock proteins with the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains","volume":"32","author":"Wilhelmus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2277","article-title":"Autoantibodies to small heat shock proteins in glaucoma","volume":"39","author":"Tezel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EGS (2017). European Glaucoma Society Terminology and Guidelines for Glaucoma, 4th Edition\u2014Chapter 2: Classification and terminology. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 101, 73\u2013127.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-EGSguideline.002"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70059-5","article-title":"Increased incidence of paraproteinemia and autoantibodies in patients with normal-pressure glaucoma","volume":"117","author":"Wax","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.8.993","article-title":"Clinical and ocular histopathological findings in a patient with normal-pressure glaucoma","volume":"116","author":"Wax","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00525-X","article-title":"Serum autoantibodies to heat shock proteins in glaucoma patients from Japan and the United States","volume":"108","author":"Wax","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3552","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-10-03552.2000","article-title":"The mechanisms of hsp27 antibody-mediated apoptosis in retinal neuronal cells","volume":"20","author":"Tezel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.4.511","article-title":"Immunostaining of heat shock proteins in the retina and optic nerve head of normal and glaucomatous eyes","volume":"118","author":"Tezel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"132","article-title":"Complex autoantibody repertoires in patients with glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Grus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680701375183","article-title":"Antibodies to alpha B-crystallin, vimentin, and heat shock protein 70 in aqueous humor of patients with normal tension glaucoma and IgG antibody patterns against retinal antigen in aqueous humor","volume":"32","author":"Joachim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.07.241","article-title":"New insights into autoantibody profiles from immune privileged sites in the eye: A glaucoma study","volume":"26","author":"Boehm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1573","article-title":"IgG antibody patterns in aqueous humor of patients with primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma","volume":"13","author":"Joachim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4242","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8902","article-title":"New proteins as vascular biomarkers in primary open angle glaucomatous aqueous humor","volume":"53","author":"Sacca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2014.45089","article-title":"BDNF and HSP gene polymorphisms and their influence on the progression of primary open-angle glaucoma in a Polish population","volume":"10","author":"Nowak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"18","article-title":"Association of eNOS and HSP70 gene polymorphisms with glaucoma in Pakistani cohorts","volume":"16","author":"Ayub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-007-0475-9","article-title":"Association between open-angle glaucoma and gene polymorphism for heat-shock protein 70-1","volume":"51","author":"Tosaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2010.03.008","article-title":"Amino acid regions 357-368 and 418-427 of Streptococcus pyogenes 60-kDa heat shock protein are recognized by antibodies from glaucomatous patient sera","volume":"48","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.893349","article-title":"Levels of antibodies against human heat shock protein (HSP) 60 in patients with glaucoma in Poland","volume":"21","author":"Skonieczna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13479","article-title":"Association of the expression level of the neurodegeneration-related proteins with the risk of development and progression of primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"96","author":"Nowak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12085","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3200-08.2008","article-title":"Induced autoimmunity to heat shock proteins elicits glaucomatous loss of retinal ganglion cell neurons via activated T-cell-derived fas-ligand","volume":"28","author":"Wax","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4734","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-3144","article-title":"Complex antibody profile changes in an experimental autoimmune glaucoma animal model","volume":"50","author":"Joachim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18999R2","article-title":"Specific Inner Retinal Layer Cell Damage in an Autoimmune Glaucoma Model Is Induced by GDNF With or Without HSP27","volume":"57","author":"Casola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-014-0485-2","article-title":"S100 Alone Has the Same Destructive Effect on Retinal Ganglion Cells as in Combination with HSP 27 in an Autoimmune Glaucoma Model","volume":"56","author":"Casola","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2710-0","article-title":"HSP27 immunization reinforces AII amacrine cell and synapse damage induced by S100 in an autoimmune glaucoma model","volume":"371","author":"Reinehr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.495829","article-title":"Enhanced Characterization of Serum Autoantibody Reactivity Following HSP 60 Immunization in a Rat Model of Experimental Autoimmune Glaucoma","volume":"35","author":"Joachim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"4929","article-title":"Intravitreal HSP27 injection leads to retinal degeneration in rats","volume":"60","author":"Grotegut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5155(02)00627-5","article-title":"Immunolocalization of heat shock proteins in the retina of normal monkey eyes and monkey eyes with laser-induced glaucoma","volume":"47","author":"Sakai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.09.078","article-title":"The expression of heat shock protein 27 in retinal ganglion and glial cells in a rat glaucoma model","volume":"150","author":"Kalesnykas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1123","article-title":"Microarray analysis of changes in mRNA levels in the rat retina after experimental elevation of intraocular pressure","volume":"45","author":"Ahmed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05681-9","article-title":"Commensal microflora-induced T cell responses mediate progressive neurodegeneration in glaucoma","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chidlow, G., Wood, J.P., and Casson, R.J. (2014). Expression of inducible heat shock proteins Hsp27 and Hsp70 in the visual pathway of rats subjected to various models of retinal ganglion cell injury. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114838"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4635","article-title":"Evaluation of heat shock protein (HSP-72) expression in retinal ganglion cells of rats with glaucoma","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2013.27.1.48","article-title":"Effect of heat shock protein 72 expression on etoposide-induced cell death of rat retinal ganglion cells","volume":"27","author":"Sohn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.11.095","article-title":"Modulation of alpha and beta crystallin expression in rat retinas with ocular hypertension-induced ganglion cell degeneration","volume":"1141","author":"Piri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Retinal gene profiling in a hereditary rodent model of elevated intraocular pressure","volume":"12","author":"Naskar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.03.001","article-title":"Heat shock proteins in the retina: Focus on HSP70 and alpha crystallins in ganglion cell survival","volume":"52","author":"Piri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Retinal Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/35023595","article-title":"Hsp27 negatively regulates cell death by interacting with cytochrome c","volume":"2","author":"Bruey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5317","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.17.9.5317","article-title":"Role of the human heat shock protein hsp70 in protection against stress-induced apoptosis","volume":"17","author":"Mosser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401384","article-title":"Human alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins bind to Bax and Bcl-X(S) to sequester their translocation during staurosporine-induced apoptosis","volume":"11","author":"Mao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sreekumar, P.G., Kannan, R., Kitamura, M., Spee, C., Barron, E., Ryan, S.J., and Hinton, D.R. (2010). alphaB crystallin is apically secreted within exosomes by polarized human retinal pigment epithelium and provides neuroprotection to adjacent cells. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012578"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16059","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100107200","article-title":"The small heat shock protein alpha B-crystallin negatively regulates cytochrome c- and caspase-8-dependent activation of caspase-3 by inhibiting its autoproteolytic maturation","volume":"276","author":"Kamradt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.06.004","article-title":"Role of crystallins in ocular neuroprotection and axonal regeneration","volume":"42","author":"Thanos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Retinal Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-5960-1-79","article-title":"Molecular chaperones and protein folding as therapeutic targets in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other synucleinopathies","volume":"1","author":"Saidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142094","article-title":"Carboxy terminus heat shock protein 70 interacting protein reduces tau-associated degenerative changes","volume":"44","author":"Saidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddh083","article-title":"CHIP and Hsp70 regulate tau ubiquitination, degradation and aggregation","volume":"13","author":"Petrucelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.46-51","article-title":"Heat shock proteins: A therapeutic target worth to consider","volume":"8","author":"Dubey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"3283","article-title":"Protection of retinal ganglion cells from ischemia-reperfusion injury by electrically applied Hsp27","volume":"42","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"163","article-title":"Heat shock protein 72 protects retinal ganglion cells in rat model of acute glaucoma","volume":"21","author":"Qing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Yan Ke Xue Bao Eye Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1522","article-title":"Induction of heat shock protein 72 protects retinal ganglion cells in a rat glaucoma model","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"39","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell protection with geranylgeranylacetone, a heat shock protein inducer, in a rat glaucoma model","volume":"101","author":"Caprioli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anders, F., Liu, A., Mann, C., Teister, J., Lauzi, J., Thanos, S., Grus, F.H., Pfeiffer, N., and Prokosch, V. (2017). The Small Heat Shock Protein alpha-Crystallin B Shows Neuroprotective Properties in a Glaucoma Animal Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112418"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400061101","article-title":"Epitope-specific immunotherapy induces immune deviation of proinflammatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"101","author":"Prakken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69210-6","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chaperonin 10 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A double-blind randomised trial","volume":"368","author":"Vanags","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/74697","article-title":"HSP70 stimulates cytokine production through a CD14-dependant pathway, demonstrating its dual role as a chaperone and cytokine","volume":"6","author":"Asea","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2014.00058","article-title":"Human myocardium releases heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) after global ischemia: The proinflammatory effect of extracellular HSP27 through toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4","volume":"20","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"311","article-title":"T cell recognition of stress proteins. A link between infectious and autoimmune disease","volume":"7","author":"Lamb","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6509","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.6509","article-title":"Human 60-kDa heat shock protein is a target autoantigen of T cells derived from atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"174","author":"Benagiano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/20\/5160\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:27:24Z","timestamp":1760189244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/20\/5160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20205160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20205160","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]}}}