{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:26:34Z","timestamp":1783617994579,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The significance of measurable residual disease (MRD) in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is well recognized in different hematological malignancies, but the evidence indicate that pre-transplant MRD status is of particular importance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In ALL, inadequate response at the level of MRD is a commonly accepted risk factor for relapse and thus an indication for allogeneic HSCT. Similarly, growing evidence from the literature strongly suggest that MRD detected by multiparameter flow cytometry or molecular techniques should be also used for risk stratification in AML at the time of HSCT. Despite the well-defined association of MRD and outcomes of HSCT in acute leukemias, there are still many open issues such as the role of additional pre-transplant consolidation for MRD eradication, the ability of HSCT to overcome negative influence of MRD positivity on survival, the impact of conditioning regimen intensity on MRD clearance post HSCT, and transplantation outcomes or the selection of optimal donor with regards to MRD status. In addition, the role of MRD assessment in guiding post-transplant maintenance treatment should also be addressed in prospective trials. These open issues mostly awaiting further clinical studies will be discussed in our current review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T11:26:13Z","timestamp":1572261973000},"page":"5362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Role of Measurable Residual Disease (MRD) in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Hematological Malignancies Focusing on Acute Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6641-0182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Czyz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwik Pasteur 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0763-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnon","family":"Nagler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Division, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Derech Sheba 2, 52-621 Ramat Gan, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-733196","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel","volume":"129","author":"Estey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-018-0373-4","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission: A position statement of the European Working Group for Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (EWALL) and the Acute Leuke","volume":"54","author":"Giebel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30130","article-title":"Use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors to prevent relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A position statement of the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the","volume":"122","author":"Giebel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-09-801498","article-title":"Minimal\/measurable residual disease in AML: A consensus document from the European LeukemiaNet MRD Working Party","volume":"131","author":"Schuurhuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-11-185132","article-title":"Improved risk classification for risk-specific therapy based on the molecular study of minimal residual disease (MRD) in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)","volume":"113","author":"Bassan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.52.2425","article-title":"Treatment of High-Risk Philadelphia Chromosome\u2013Negative Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adolescents and Adults According to Early Cytologic Response and Minimal Residual Disease After Consolidation Assessed by Flow Cytometry: Final Results of the PETHEMA ALL-AR-03 Trial","volume":"32","author":"Ribera","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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