{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T22:56:19Z","timestamp":1790549779295,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]],"date-time":"2019-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Epigenomics Flagship Project (EPIGEN) Italian Ministry University and Research\u2013\u2013CNR","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]},{"name":"UE Initial Training Network Project \u2018DISCHROM\u2019","award":["238242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["238242"]}]},{"name":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lejeune Foundation","award":["1545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1545"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research [PRIN]","award":["2015BEX2BR_002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015BEX2BR_002"]}]},{"name":"RETT Italian Association (AIRETT) National Grant","award":["National Grant 2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Grant 2014"]}]},{"name":"Project MIUR PON03_PE00060_7","award":["PON03_PE00060_7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PON03_PE00060_7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a multi-function factor involved in locus-specific transcriptional modulation and the regulation of genome architecture, e.g., pericentric heterochromatin (PCH) organization. MECP2 mutations are responsible for Rett syndrome (RTT), a devastating postnatal neurodevelopmental disorder, the pathogenetic mechanisms of which are still unknown. MeCP2, together with Alpha-thalassemia\/mental retardation syndrome X-linked protein (ATRX), accumulates at chromocenters, which are repressive PCH domains. As with MECP2, mutations in ATRX cause ATR-X syndrome which is associated with severe intellectual disability. We exploited two murine embryonic stem cell lines, in which the expression of MeCP2 or ATRX is abolished. Through immunostaining, chromatin immunoprecipitation and western blot, we show that MeCP2 and ATRX are reciprocally dependent both for their expression and targeting to chromocenters. Moreover, ATRX plays a role in the accumulation of members of the heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) family at PCH and, as MeCP2, modulates their expression. Furthermore, ATRX and HP1 targeting to chromocenters depends on an RNA component. 3D-DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) highlighted, for the first time, a contribution of ATRX in MeCP2-mediated chromocenter clustering during neural differentiation. Overall, we provide a detailed dissection of the functional interplay between MeCP2 and ATRX in higher-order PCH organization in neurons. Our findings suggest molecular defects common to RTT and ATR-X syndrome, including an alteration in PCH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T05:18:26Z","timestamp":1572499106000},"page":"5371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["ATRX Contributes to MeCP2-Mediated Pericentric Heterochromatin Organization during Neural Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0224-8870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Marano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Biophysics \u2018A. Buzzati-Traverso\u2019, National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1345-4434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Fioriniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Biophysics \u2018A. Buzzati-Traverso\u2019, National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fiorillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Biophysics \u2018A. Buzzati-Traverso\u2019, National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4783-7572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"D\u2019Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Biophysics \u2018A. Buzzati-Traverso\u2019, National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1643-6418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floriana","family":"Della Ragione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Biophysics \u2018A. Buzzati-Traverso\u2019, National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90610-O","article-title":"Purification, sequence, and cellular localization of a novel chromosomal protein that binds to methylated DNA","volume":"69","author":"Lewis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp181","article-title":"Mouse models of MeCP2 disorders share gene expression changes in the cerebellum and hypothalamus","volume":"18","author":"Chahrour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. 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