{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1760240971794,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disease mainly affecting salivary and lacrimal glands. Several factors contribute to pSS pathogenesis; in particular, innate immunity seems to play a key role in disease etiology. Invariant natural killer (NK) T cells (iNKT) are a T-cell subset able to recognize glycolipid antigens. Their function remains unclear, but studies have pointed out their ability to modulate the immune system through the promotion of specific cytokine milieu. In this review, we discussed the possible role of iNKT in pSS development, as well as their implications as future markers of disease activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T12:38:23Z","timestamp":1572525503000},"page":"5435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Invariant NKT Cells and Rheumatic Disease: Focus on Primary Sjogren Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section\u2014University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90110 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"La Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section\u2014University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90110 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9986-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Lo Pizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic\u2014University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Ciccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine\u2014University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3969-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Sireci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic\u2014University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Guggino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section\u2014University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90110 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1702514","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"378","author":"Mariette","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2016.04.003","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Rischmueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21887","article-title":"Risk of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A population-based study","volume":"65","author":"Johnsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200207000-00003","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome: Clinical and immunologic disease patterns in a cohort of 400 patients","volume":"81","author":"Rosas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3218","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38129","article-title":"Role of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand as a potential biologic marker of lymphoma in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Tobon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1200","article-title":"Low miR200b-5p levels in minor salivary glands: A novel molecular marker predicting lymphoma development in patients with Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Kapsogeorgou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"247","article-title":"The epidemiology of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.118","article-title":"Pathogenetic mechanisms in the initiation and perpetuation of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Voulgarelis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheum."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001714","article-title":"Prevalence of novel candidate sjogren syndrome autoantibodies in the dry eye assessment and management (DREAM) study","volume":"37","author":"Bunya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40550","article-title":"Brief report: Anti-Calponin 3 autoantibodies: A newly identified specificity in patients with Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2015.06.002","article-title":"Biomarkers for primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202552","article-title":"MxA as a clinically applicable biomarker for identifying systemic interferon type I in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Maria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21006","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of minor salivary glands clearly distinguishes primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome patients from healthy control subjects","volume":"52","author":"Hjelmervik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3226","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39315","article-title":"CXCL13 and CCL11 serum levels and lymphoma and disease activity in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Nocturne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563217750679","article-title":"Predictive role of tear protein expression in the early diagnosis of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"55","author":"Versura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12763","article-title":"Salivary S100A8\/A9 in Sjogren\u2019s syndrome accompanied by lymphoma","volume":"47","author":"Jazzar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"215","article-title":"Imaging in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: The \u2018obsolete and the new\u2019","volume":"36","author":"Baldini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.04.003","article-title":"Innate immunity in Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"182","author":"Kiripolsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141711","article-title":"The biology of NKT cells","volume":"25","author":"Bendelac","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.261","article-title":"Invariant natural killer T cells in rheumatic disease: A joint dilemma","volume":"6","author":"Drennan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.6.2091","article-title":"Positive selection of mouse NK1+ T cells by CD1-expressing cortical thymocytes","volume":"182","author":"Bendelac","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1309","article-title":"NKT cells: What\u2019s in a name?","volume":"4","author":"Godfrey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.5.741","article-title":"Tracking the response of natural killer T cells to a glycolipid antigen using CD1d tetramers","volume":"192","author":"Matsuda","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200105)44:5<1127::AID-ANR194>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Dysfunction of T cell receptor AV24AJ18+, BV11+ double-negative regulatory natural killer T cells in autoimmune diseases","volume":"44","author":"Kojo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5336.283","article-title":"Structural requirements for glycolipid antigen recognition by CD1b-restricted T cells","volume":"278","author":"Moody","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200423594","article-title":"Going both ways: Immune regulation via CD1d-dependent NKT cells","volume":"114","author":"Godfrey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nri854","article-title":"The unconventional lifestyle of NKT cells","volume":"2","author":"Kronenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002373","article-title":"Invariant NKT cells inhibit autoreactive B cells in a contact- and CD1d-dependent manner","volume":"186","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408696102","article-title":"Bacterial glycolipids and analogs as antigens for CD1d-restricted NKT cells","volume":"102","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1002","article-title":"Mechanism of CD1d-restricted natural killer T cell activation during microbial infection","volume":"4","author":"Brigl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03408","article-title":"Exogenous and endogenous glycolipid antigens activate NKT cells during microbial infections","volume":"434","author":"Mattner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50446","article-title":"Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis react against a ubiquitous xenobiotic-metabolizing bacterium","volume":"38","author":"Selmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torina, A., Guggino, G., La Manna, M., and Sireci, G.J.I. (2018). The janus face of NKT cell function in autoimmunity and infectious diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201801.0189.v1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000195","article-title":"Update on the immunobiology of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Ambrosi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22326","article-title":"Natural killer T cells in families of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Their possible role in regulation of IGG production","volume":"56","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.4.2142","article-title":"Immunoregulatory role of CD1d in the hydrocarbon oil-induced model of lupus nephritis","volume":"171","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.5.2985","article-title":"Deficiency in \u03b22-microglobulin, but not CD1, accelerates spontaneous lupus skin disease while inhibiting nephritis in MRL-Faslpr mice: An example of disease regulation at the organ level","volume":"167","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317165","article-title":"Activation of natural killer T cells in NZB\/W mice induces Th1-type immune responses exacerbating lupus","volume":"112","author":"Zeng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.2.763","article-title":"Expansion and hyperactivity of CD1d-restricted NKT cells during the progression of systemic lupus erythematosus in (New Zealand Black \u00d7 New Zealand White) F1 mice","volume":"175","author":"Forestier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4530","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.7.4530","article-title":"Aberrant genetic control of invariant TCR-bearing NKT cell function in New Zealand mouse strains: Possible involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis","volume":"180","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02835.x","article-title":"Long-term administration of IgG2a anti-NK1. 1 monoclonal antibody ameliorates lupus-like disease in NZB\/W mice in spite of an early worsening induced by an IgG2a-dependent BAFF\/BLyS production","volume":"125","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425861","article-title":"The natural killer T cell ligand \u03b1-galactosylceramide prevents or promotes pristane-induced lupus in mice","volume":"35","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-011-9590-y","article-title":"Brief treatment with iNKT cell ligand \u03b1-galactosylceramide confers a long-term protection against lupus","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5060","article-title":"Circulating V\u03b124+ V\u03b211+ NKT cell numbers are decreased in a wide variety of diseases that are characterized by autoreactive tissue damage","volume":"100","author":"Nishi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2013.844309","article-title":"Proliferatory defect of invariant population and accumulation of non-invariant CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells in the joints of RA patients","volume":"24","author":"Birchall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.01.002","article-title":"Ly108 expression distinguishes subsets of invariant NKT cells that help autoantibody production and secrete IL-21 from those that secrete IL-17 in lupus prone NZB\/W mice","volume":"50","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"998","article-title":"[Corrigendum] Invariant NKT cells produce IL-17 through IL-23-dependent and-independent pathways with potential modulation of Th17 response in collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"31","author":"Yoshiga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11489","article-title":"Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis by natural killer T cell activation with OCH, a sphingosine-truncated analog of \u03b1-galactosylceramide","volume":"50","author":"Chiba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.7.3140","article-title":"Cutting edge: Analysis of human V\u03b124+ CD8+ NK T cells activated by \u03b1-galactosylceramide-pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"168","author":"Takahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21056","article-title":"Rheumatism, The involvement of V\u03b114 natural killer T cells in the pathogenesis of arthritis in murine models","volume":"52","author":"Chiba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2484","article-title":"Fc\u03b3RIII engagement provides activating signals to NKT cells in antibody-induced joint inflammation","volume":"116","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901021","article-title":"Invariant TCR rather than CD1d shapes the preferential activities of C-glycoside analogues against human versus murine invariant NKT cells","volume":"183","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.8.1521","article-title":"CD1d-mediated recognition of an \u03b1-galactosylceramide by natural killer T cells is highly conserved through mammalian evolution","volume":"188","author":"Brossay","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9261-7","article-title":"Deficiency of invariant NK T cells in Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"52","author":"Grose","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0703351","article-title":"Adoptive transfer of ex vivo immune-programmed NKT lymphocytes alleviates immune-mediated colitis","volume":"75","author":"Shibolet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000239","article-title":"Subclinical gut inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"28","author":"Ciccia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.08.012","article-title":"Gut inflammation in spondyloarthritis","volume":"31","author":"Rizzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27324","article-title":"Invariant natural killer T cells are natural regulators of murine spondylarthritis","volume":"62","author":"Jacques","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.017","article-title":"Intestinal microbes affect phenotypes and functions of invariant natural killer T cells in mice","volume":"143","author":"Wingender","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219328","article-title":"Microbial exposure during early life has persistent effects on natural killer T cell function","volume":"336","author":"Olszak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"179","article-title":"One year in review 2017: Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Ferro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"283","article-title":"Reduced circulating natural killer T cells and gamma\/delta T cells in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Riccieri","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12585","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant cells are deficient in systemic sclerosis","volume":"86","author":"Mekinian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"25","article-title":"Invariant NKT cells are expanded in peripheral blood but are undetectable in salivary glands of patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Guggino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-203187","article-title":"Potential involvement of the IL-33\u2013ST2 axis in the pathogenesis of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Awada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091314","article-title":"Invariant NKT cells limit activation of autoreactive CD1d-positive B cells","volume":"207","author":"Wermeling","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03966.x","article-title":"Cells with regulatory function of the innate and adaptive immune system in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"157","author":"Szodoray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854706","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/854706","article-title":"Distribution of peripheral lymphocyte populations in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome Patients","volume":"2015","author":"Sudzius","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12622","article-title":"Patients with primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome have alterations in absolute quantities of specific peripheral leucocyte populations","volume":"86","author":"Davies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2011.06.007","article-title":"The complexity of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: Novel aspects on pathogenesis","volume":"141","author":"Jonsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4232","article-title":"Natural killer cells in human autoimmune disorders","volume":"15","author":"Fogel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780280213","article-title":"Circulating natural killer cells in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Ichikawa","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11287","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801631105","article-title":"Diverse cytokine production by NKT cell subsets and identification of an IL-17\u2212 producing CD4\u2212 NK1. 1\u2212 NKT cell population","volume":"105","author":"Coquet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"359","article-title":"Human NKT cells in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Tarazona","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inmunolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16832-1","article-title":"Improved detection of cytokines produced by invariant NKT cells","volume":"7","author":"Sag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00519","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2174\/1568008054863772","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of glycolipid ligands for natural killer (NK) T cells in the suppression of autoimmune diseases","volume":"5","author":"Miyake","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets Immune Endocr. Metabol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203991","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of belimumab in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: Results of the BELISS open-label phase II study","volume":"74","author":"Mariette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"217","article-title":"B cell depletion with rituximab in the treatment of primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: What have we learnt?","volume":"37","author":"Grigoriadou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202754","article-title":"Rituximab modulates the expression of IL-22 in the salivary glands of patients with primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Ciccia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"167","article-title":"Present and novel biologic drugs in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Fasano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"222","article-title":"The role of salivary gland histopathology in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: Promises and pitfalls","volume":"36","author":"Kroese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.297","article-title":"The CD1 system: Antigen-presenting molecules for T cell recognition of lipids and glycolipids","volume":"17","author":"Porcelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/21\/5435\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:30:51Z","timestamp":1760189451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/21\/5435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20215435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20215435","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]}}}