{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:17:28Z","timestamp":1793042248718,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Burden of cachexia and sarcopenia in patients with chronic diseases: epidemiology, pathophysiology and outcomes; ID J3-9292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Burden of cachexia and sarcopenia in patients with chronic diseases: epidemiology, pathophysiology and outcomes; ID J3-9292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition with many imbalances, including nutritional issues. Next to sarcopenia and cachexia which are clinically evident, micronutrient deficiency is also present in HF. It is involved in HF pathophysiology and has prognostic implications. In general, most widely known micronutrients are depleted in HF, which is associated with symptoms and adverse outcomes. Nutritional intake is important but is not the only factor reducing the micronutrient availability for bodily processes, because absorption, distribution, and patient comorbidity may play a major role. In this context, interventional studies with parenteral micronutrient supplementation provide evidence that normalization of micronutrients is associated with improvement in physical performance and quality of life. Outcome studies are underway and should be reported in the following years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T04:07:07Z","timestamp":1573531627000},"page":"5627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Micronutrient Depletion in Heart Failure: Common, Clinically Relevant and Treatable"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Natasa","family":"Cvetinovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Hospital Center \u201cDr. Dragisa Misovic\u2014Dedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Loncar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases Dedinje, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andjelka M.","family":"Isakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Goettingen Medical Center, DE-37075 Goettingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Goettingen, DE-37099 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7598-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfram","family":"Doehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) and Department of Cardiology (Virchow Klinikum), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, DE-13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitja","family":"Lainscak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerneja","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia"},{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2012.10.002","article-title":"Heart Failure","volume":"1","author":"Braunwald","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Hear. Fail."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-016-1138-y","article-title":"Heart failure management in the elderly\u2014A public health challenge","volume":"128","author":"Cvetinovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"81","article-title":"Myocardial energetics and the role of micronutrients in heart failure: A critical review","volume":"15","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-006-9194-4","article-title":"Micronutrients and their supplementation in chronic cardiac failure. An update beyond theoretical perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Witte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and del Valle, H.B. (2016). Dietary Reference Values for Vitamin D, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and del Valle, H.B. (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin, D, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and del Valle, H.B. (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and del Valle, H.B. (2003). Dietary Reference Intakes, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000362294","article-title":"Water-Soluble Vitamins","volume":"111","author":"Said","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Rev. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and del Valle, H.B. (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Taylor, C.L., Yaktine, A.L., and del Valle, H.B. (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.12.009","article-title":"Calcium and vitamin D in human health: Hype or real?","volume":"180","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000065","article-title":"Melanoma risk is associated with vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms","volume":"24","author":"Zeljic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.12.013","article-title":"Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.067","article-title":"Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D in Cardiovascular Diseases (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2004)","volume":"102","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.05.027","article-title":"Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population","volume":"106","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0784","article-title":"Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study of patients referred for coronary angiography","volume":"93","author":"Wellnitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000304","article-title":"Micronutrient Deficiency Independently Predicts Adverse Health Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02624-4","article-title":"Low vitamin D status: A contributing factor in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure?","volume":"41","author":"Zittermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2010.01.002","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with left ventricular dilation: An echocardiography study in elderly patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Ameri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0561-2","article-title":"Secondary hyperparathyroidism prevalence and prognostic role in elderly males with heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Loncar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00142-3","article-title":"Bone mass, vitamin D deficiency, and hyperparathyroidism in congestive heart failure","volume":"103","author":"Shane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-017-9424-1","article-title":"The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention","volume":"18","author":"Holick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13919","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency disorders: Diagnosis, prevalence, and a roadmap for global control programs","volume":"1430","author":"Whitfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508162997","article-title":"Effects of methodological variation on assessment of riboflavin status using the erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient assay","volume":"102","author":"Hill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"McPherson, R.A., and Pincus, M.R. (2016). Henry\u2019s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.suppl_11.1503","article-title":"Vitamin B-6: A Status Report","volume":"120","author":"Leklem","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2013.803234","article-title":"Vitamin B6 in plasma\u2014Sample stability and the reference limits","volume":"73","author":"Panton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g5226","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5226","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency","volume":"349","author":"Hunt","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.8.1277","article-title":"Cobalamin and folate evaluation: Measurement of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine vs. vitamin B(12) and folate","volume":"46","author":"Klee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2013). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin C. EFSA J., 11, 3418."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"71","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10: Is there a clinical role and a case for measurement?","volume":"29","author":"Molyneux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601800","article-title":"Assessment of requirements for selenium and adequacy of selenium status: A review","volume":"58","author":"Thomson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615570376","article-title":"Zinc: Physiology, deficiency, and parenteral nutrition","volume":"30","author":"Livingstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gomella, L.G., and Haist, S.A. (2007). Clinician\u2019s Pocket Reference, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruson, D., Ferracin, B., Ahn, S.A., Zierold, C., Blocki, F., Hawkins, D.M., Bonelli, F., and Rousseau, M.F. (2015). 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D to PTH(1-84) ratios strongly predict cardiovascular death in heart failure. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135427"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01601.x","article-title":"The association between vitamin D and inflammation with the 6-minute walk and frailty in patients with heart failure","volume":"56","author":"Boxer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr032","article-title":"Vitamin D status and outcomes in heart failure patients","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2008.01.013","article-title":"Poor outcome in end-stage heart failure patients with low circulating calcitriol levels","volume":"10","author":"Zittermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.082602","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: Trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Ford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00087","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation, Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"5","author":"Mirhosseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.01.004","article-title":"The 2011 Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D: What Dietetics Practitioners Need to Know","volume":"111","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2012.01.016","article-title":"The Role of Micronutrients in Heart Failure","volume":"112","author":"McKeag","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.4.754","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Schleithoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.907899","article-title":"The effects of vitamin D supplementation on physical function and quality of life in older patients with heart failure a randomized controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Witham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx235","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D on all-causemortality in heart failure (EVITA): A 3-year randomized clinical trial with 4000 IU Vitamin D daily","volume":"38","author":"Zittermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm3020566","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Retinoid Receptors in Diabetes-Induced Cardiac Remodeling","volume":"4","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-9842(01)00179-9","article-title":"Dietary and blood ANTIOXIDANTS in patients with chronic heart failure. Insights into the potential importance of selenium in heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Salen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2017.09.009","article-title":"Dietary intakes of fat soluble vitamins as predictors of mortality from heart failure in a large prospective cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Eshak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00101-6","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"31","author":"Keith","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcocci, L., and Suzuki, Y.J. (2019). Metabolomics studies to assess biological functions of vitamin E nicotinate. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050127"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(96)02787-8","article-title":"Oxy free radical system in heart failure and therapeutic role of oral vitamin E","volume":"57","author":"Ghatak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420302","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators","volume":"342","author":"Yusuf","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.11.1338","article-title":"Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"293","author":"Lonn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2459\/01.JCM.0000223257.09062.17","article-title":"Vitamin E increases the risk of developing heart failure after myocardial infarction: Results from the GISSI-Prevenzione trial","volume":"7","author":"Marchioli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.2.219","article-title":"A controlled clinical trial of vitamin E supplementation in patients with congestive heart failure","volume":"73","author":"Jeejeebhoy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S170","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.61.S170","article-title":"Cardiovascular diseases and fat soluble vitamins: Vitamin D and vitamin K","volume":"61","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitam. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.06.013","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency and cardiovascular disorders","volume":"28","author":"Eshak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.06.015","article-title":"Thiamine Deficiency: An Important Consideration in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"356","author":"Attaluri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"184","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency in congestive heart failure patients receiving long term furosemide therapy","volume":"10","author":"Zenuk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-018-6808-8","article-title":"Thiamine Therapy for Heart Failure: A Promise or Fiction?","volume":"32","author":"Kattoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"324","article-title":"Influence of spironolactone therapy on thiamine blood levels in patients with heart failure","volume":"90","author":"Rocha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.10.005","article-title":"Determining the Role of Thiamine Deficiency in Systolic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90007-K","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy: A pilot study","volume":"91","author":"Seligmann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80349-0","article-title":"Improved left ventricular function after thiamine supplementation in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy","volume":"98","author":"Shimon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-011-0376-2","article-title":"Thiamine supplementation in symptomatic chronic heart failure: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study","volume":"101","author":"Schoenenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2010.08.006","article-title":"Nutritional intake and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure","volume":"22","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.05.011","article-title":"B-Vitamin Deficiency in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"109","author":"Keith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.4081\/hi.2011.e21","article-title":"Riboflavin Alleviates Cardiac Failure in Type I Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.117","article-title":"Plasma B vitamins and their relation to the severity of chronic heart failure","volume":"85","author":"Herrmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-306022","article-title":"Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in chronic heart failure","volume":"101","author":"Klip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114521","article-title":"Cobalamin deficiency: Clinical picture and radiological findings","volume":"5","author":"Briani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_146.x","article-title":"Reduction of homocysteine in elderly with heart failure improved vascular function and blood pressure control but did not affect inflammatory activity","volume":"97","author":"Andersson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"851","article-title":"The relationship between potency of oxidative stress and severity of dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"21","author":"Demirbag","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.suppl_11.1480","article-title":"Assessment of human vitamin C status","volume":"11","author":"Jacob","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000389","article-title":"Vitamin C Deficiency, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Cardiac Event-Free Survival in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000521","article-title":"Dietary Vitamin C Deficiency Is Associated With Health-Related Quality of Life and Cardiac Event-free Survival in Adults With Heart Failure","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.07.005","article-title":"Vitamin C restores the contractile response to dobutamine and improves myocardial efficiency in patients with heart failure after anterior myocardial infarction","volume":"154","author":"Shinke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.4.363","article-title":"Vitamin C improves endothelial function of conduit arteries in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"97","author":"Hornig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2007.02.006","article-title":"The antioxidant role of coenzyme Q","volume":"7","author":"Bentinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"901","article-title":"Biochemical rationale and myocardial tissue data on the effective therapy of cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10","volume":"82","author":"Folkers","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"CD008684","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure","volume":"2","author":"Madmani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.02.075","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10, rosuvastatin, and clinical outcomes in heart failure: A pre-specified substudy of CORONA (Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Study in Heart Failure)","volume":"56","author":"McMurray","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.17.32","article-title":"A clinical study of the effect of coenzyme Q on congestive heart failure","volume":"17","author":"Ishiyama","year":"1976","journal-title":"Jpn. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.01.031","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of heart failure: A systematic review of systematic reviews","volume":"70","author":"Jafari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2006.03.007","article-title":"The Impact of Coenzyme Q10 on Systolic Function in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"12","author":"Sander","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520180211","article-title":"Systematic review of effect of coenzyme Q10 in physical exercise, hypertension and heart failure","volume":"18","author":"Rosenfeldt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"295","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 in patients with end-stage heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin. Cardiol. 2004, 27, A26\u2013A30. Coenzyme Q10 in patients with end-stage heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation: A randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Sinatra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00226854","article-title":"Effect of coenzyme Q10therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: A long-term multicenter randomized study","volume":"71","author":"Morisco","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2014.06.008","article-title":"Q-SYMBIO Study Investigators. The effect of coenzyme Q10on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: Results from Q-SYMBIO: A randomized double-blind trial","volume":"2","author":"Mortensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Hear Fail."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3275","article-title":"Selenium in Human Health and Disease","volume":"14","author":"Bao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-006-9188-2","article-title":"Selenium and antioxidant defenses as major mediators in the development of chronic heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Salen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61452-9","article-title":"Selenium and human health","volume":"379","author":"Rayman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29642","article-title":"Optimization of selenoprotein P and other plasma selenium biomarkers for the assessment of the selenium nutritional requirement: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of selenomethionine supplementation in selenium-deficient Chinese subjects","volume":"92","author":"Xia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.2.259S","article-title":"The epidemiology of selenium deficiency in the etiological study of endemic diseases in China","volume":"57","author":"Ge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91028-5","article-title":"Association between cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction and serum selenium in a matched-pair longitudinal study","volume":"2","author":"Salonen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e3282f2b261","article-title":"Selenium intake and cardiovascular risk: What is new?","volume":"19","author":"Bleys","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520180206","article-title":"Regeneration of the antioxidant ubiquinol by lipoamide dehydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase and glutathione reductase","volume":"18","author":"Nordman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2004.08.003","article-title":"Selenoproteins, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and the consequences: Revisiting of the mevalonate pathway","volume":"14","author":"Moosmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.11.006","article-title":"Selenium and coenzyme Q10 interrelationship in cardiovascular diseases-A clinician\u2019s point of view","volume":"31","author":"Alehagen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/14017431.2013.820838","article-title":"Effect of selenium and Q10 on the cardiac biomarker NT-proBNP","volume":"47","author":"Johansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi442","article-title":"The effect of micronutrient supplementation on quality-of-life and left ventricular function in elderly patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"26","author":"Witte","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518001253","article-title":"Selenium supplementation lowers insulin resistance and markers of cardio-metabolic risk in patients with congestive heart failure: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"120","author":"Raygan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-006-9046-6","article-title":"Inflammation, genes and zinc in ageing and age-related diseases","volume":"7","author":"Vasto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherasse, Y., and Urade, Y. (2017). Dietary zinc acts as a sleep modulator. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112334"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turan, B., and Tuncay, E. (2017). Impact of labile zinc on heart function: From physiology to pathophysiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112395"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(93)90112-H","article-title":"Trace element concentrations (Cu, Zn, Fe) in sera from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"214","author":"Oster","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"397","article-title":"Are failured cardiomyopathies a zinc-deficit related disease? A study on Zn and Cu in patients with chronic failured dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies","volume":"89","author":"Ripa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:95:1:11","article-title":"Concentations of Copper, Zinc, and Magnesium in Sera from Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"95","author":"Topuzoglu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"216","article-title":"Trace element status (Se, Zn, Cu) in heart failure","volume":"6","author":"Sahin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anadolu Kardiyol. Derg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6057348","article-title":"The Relationship between Serum Zinc Level and Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"2018","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.02.011","article-title":"Association of Serum Zinc Level With Prognosis in Patients With Heart Failure","volume":"24","author":"Yoshihisa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Card Fail."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.121927","article-title":"Nutritional supplementation with MyoVive repletes essential cardiac myocyte nutrients and reduces left ventricular size in patients with left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"143","author":"Jeejeebhoy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq158","article-title":"Iron deficiency: An ominous sign in patients with systolic chronic heart failure","volume":"31","author":"Jankowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.103366","article-title":"Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency across indications: A systematic review","volume":"102","author":"Williet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.01.017","article-title":"Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: An international pooled analysis","volume":"165","author":"Klip","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs224","article-title":"Iron deficiency and heart failure: Diagnostic dilemmas and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"34","author":"Jankowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.823","article-title":"Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality rates in iron-deficient heart failure patients: An individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Anker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recesp.2015.08.017","article-title":"Iron Status in Chronic Heart Failure: Impact on Symptoms, Functional Class and Submaximal Exercise Capacity","volume":"69","author":"Enjuanes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol. (Engl. Ed)"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12333","article-title":"Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: Case-based practical guidance","volume":"5","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908355","article-title":"Ferric Carboxymaltose in Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency","volume":"361","author":"Anker","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu385","article-title":"Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency","volume":"36","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.5427","article-title":"Effect of oral iron repletion on exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency the IRONOUT HF randomized clinical trial","volume":"317","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.04.181","article-title":"IRON-HF study: A randomized trial to assess the effects of iron in heart failure patients with anemia","volume":"168","author":"Piardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-018-1344-x","article-title":"Iron deficiency in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and its association with reduced exercise capacity, muscle strength and quality of life","volume":"108","author":"Bekfani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33277-2","article-title":"Beneficial effects of intravenous iron therapy in a rat model of heart failure with preserved systemic iron status but depleted intracellular cardiac stores","volume":"8","author":"Paterek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/22\/5627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:33:28Z","timestamp":1760189608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/22\/5627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20225627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20225627","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]}}}