{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T05:13:52Z","timestamp":1775020432843,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16\/01249 , PI16\/00493"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/01249 , PI16\/00493"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of IgG aquaporin-4 antibodies in the serum of patients with Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) has dramatically improved the diagnosis of this disease and its distinction from multiple sclerosis. Recently, a group of patients have been described who have an NMO spectrum disorder (NMOsd) and who are seronegative for AQP4 antibodies but positive for IgG aquaporin-1 (AQP1) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether AQP1 and MOG could be considered new biomarkers of this disease; and if point mutations in the gDNA of AQP4, AQP1 and MOG genes could be associated with the etiology of NMOsd. We evaluated the diagnostic capability of ELISA and cell-based assays (CBA), and analyzed their reliability, specificity, and sensitivity in detecting antibodies against these three proteins. The results showed that both assays can recognize these antigen proteins under appropriate conditions, but only anti-AQP4 antibodies, and not AQP1 or MOG, appears to be a clear biomarker for NMOsd. CBA is the best method for detecting these antibodies; and serum levels of AQP4 antibodies do not correlate with the progression of this disease. So far, the sequencing analysis has not revealed a genetic basis for the etiology of NMOsd, but a more extensive analysis is required before definitive conclusions can be drawn.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T11:30:17Z","timestamp":1574163017000},"page":"5810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Predictive Value of Serum Antibodies and Point Mutations of AQP4, AQP1 and MOG in A Cohort of Spanish Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Mor\u00f3n-Civanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria del Mar","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Olivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nela","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1594-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reposo","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Lorca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Lebrato-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Neurociencias, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda del Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Lamas-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Neurociencias, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda del Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda del Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Abril-Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda del Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Isabel","family":"Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda del Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Casado-Choc\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Neurociencias, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda del Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Jos\u00e9","family":"Ucl\u00e9s-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Neurociencias, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda del Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Romera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda del Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, 41014 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4758-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Echevarr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gesti\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica de Neurociencias, Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda del Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2012.12.022","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica: Concept, immunology and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Uzawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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