{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1790783483944,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oral cavity contributes to overall health, psychosocial well-being and quality of human life. Oral inflammatory diseases represent a major global health problem with significant social and economic impact. The development of effective therapies, therefore, requires deeper insights into the etiopathogenesis of oral diseases. Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) infection results in a life-long persistence of the virus in the host and has been associated with numerous oral inflammatory diseases including oral lichen planus (OLP), periodontal disease and Sjogren\u2019s syndrome (SS). There is considerable evidence that the EBV infection is a strong risk factor for the development and progression of these conditions, but is EBV a true pathogen? This long-standing EBV paradox yet needs to be solved. This review discusses novel viral aspects of the etiopathogenesis of non-tumorigenic diseases in the oral cavity, in particular, the contribution of EBV in OLP, periodontitis and SS, the tropism of EBV infection, the major players involved in the etiopathogenic mechanisms and emerging contribution of EBV-pathogenic bacteria bidirectional interaction. It also proposes the involvement of EBV-infected plasma cells in the development and progression of oral inflammatory diseases. A new direction for preventing and treating these conditions may focus on controlling pathogenic EBV with anti-herpetic drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]],"date-time":"2019-11-22T09:02:52Z","timestamp":1574413372000},"page":"5861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["New Viral Facets in Oral Diseases: The EBV Paradox"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lilit","family":"Tonoyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Chirurgie Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS (Microbiologie Orale, Immunoth\u00e9rapie et Sant\u00e9), 06357 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7782-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9verine","family":"Vincent-Bugnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Chirurgie Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS (Microbiologie Orale, Immunoth\u00e9rapie et Sant\u00e9), 06357 Nice, France"},{"name":"P\u00f4le Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06001 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5237-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles-Vivien","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Chirurgie Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS (Microbiologie Orale, Immunoth\u00e9rapie et Sant\u00e9), 06357 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Doglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de Chirurgie Dentaire, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, EA 7354 MICORALIS (Microbiologie Orale, Immunoth\u00e9rapie et Sant\u00e9), 06357 Nice, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Th\u00e9rapie Cellulaire et G\u00e9nique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06103 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865","article-title":"The oral microbiome\u2014An update for oral healthcare professionals","volume":"221","author":"Kilian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. 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