{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:25:09Z","timestamp":1780323909630,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["B2019058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2019058"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus strains produce a unique family of immunostimulatory exotoxins termed as bacterial superantigens (SAgs), which cross-link major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecule and T-cell receptor (TCR) to stimulate large numbers of T cells at extremely low concentrations. SAgs are associated with food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. To date, 26 genetically distinct staphylococcal SAgs have been reported. This study reports the first X-ray structure of newly characterized staphylococcal enterotoxin N (SEN). SEN possesses the classical two domain architecture that includes an N-terminal oligonucleotide-binding fold and a C-terminal \u03b2-grasp domain. Amino acid and structure alignments revealed that several critical amino acids that are proposed to be responsible for MHC II and TCR molecule engagements are variable in SEN, suggesting that SEN may adopt a different binding mode to its cellular receptors. This work helps better understand the mechanisms of action of SAgs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T11:12:21Z","timestamp":1574680341000},"page":"5921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Structure of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin N: Implications for Binding Properties to Its Cellular Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5154-4487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Hubei Province Fresh Food Engineering Research Center, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"},{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenggang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00681.x","article-title":"The bacterial superantigen and superantigen-like proteins","volume":"225","author":"Fraser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. 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