{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:31:51Z","timestamp":1791765111503,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]],"date-time":"2019-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture","award":["19K21321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K21321"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) or vascular dementia occurs as a result of brain ischemia and represents the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer\u2019s disease. To explore the underlying mechanisms of VCI, several animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion have been developed in rats, mice, and primates. We established a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by narrowing the bilateral common carotid arteries with microcoils, eventually resulting in hippocampal atrophy. In addition, a mouse model of white matter infarct-related damage with cognitive and motor dysfunction has also been established by asymmetric common carotid artery surgery. Although most experiments studying chronic cerebral hypoperfusion have been performed in rodents because of the ease of handling and greater ethical acceptability, non-human primates appear to represent the best model for the study of VCI, due to their similarities in much larger white matter volume and amyloid \u03b2 depositions like humans. Therefore, we also recently developed a baboon model of VCI through three-vessel occlusion (both the internal carotid arteries and the left vertebral artery). In this review, several animal models of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, from mouse to primate, are extensively discussed to aid in better understanding of pathophysiology of VCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T05:54:51Z","timestamp":1575870891000},"page":"6176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Animal Models of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion: From Mouse to Primate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Washida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita 564-8565, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yorito","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita 564-8565, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7102-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masafumi","family":"Ihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita 564-8565, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00463-8","article-title":"Vascular dementia","volume":"386","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.155481","article-title":"Incidence and survival of dementia in a general population of Japanese elderly: The Hisayama study","volume":"80","author":"Matsui","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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