{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:10:51Z","timestamp":1790773851252,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31300223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31300223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31572665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31572665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016JM3001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016JM3001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Northwest University Graduate Innovation and Creativity Funds","award":["YZZ17152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZZ17152"]}]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology Open Fund (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), and Training Programs of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates (Northwest University; 2018288).","award":["201801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201801"]}]},{"name":"Training Programs of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates (Northwest University)","award":["2018288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018288"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melatonin, an amine hormone highly conserved during evolution, has a wide range of physiological functions in animals and plants. It is involved in plant growth, development, maturation, and aging, and also helps ameliorate various types of abiotic and biotic stresses, including salt, drought, heavy metals, and pathogens. Melatonin-related growth and defense responses of plants are complex, and involve many signaling molecules. Among these, the most important one is nitric oxide (NO), a freely diffusing amphiphilic biomolecule that can easily cross the cell membrane, produce rapid signal responses, and participate in a wide variety of physiological reactions. NO-induced S-nitrosylation is also involved in plant defense responses. NO interacts with melatonin as a long-range signaling molecule, and helps regulate plant growth and maintain oxidative homeostasis. Exposure of plants to abiotic stresses causes the increase of endogenous melatonin levels, with the consequent up-regulation of melatonin synthesis genes, and further increase of melatonin content. The application of exogenous melatonin causes an increase in endogenous NO and up-regulation of defense-related transcription factors, resulting in enhanced stress resistance. When plants are infected by pathogenic bacteria, NO acts as a downstream signal to lead to increased melatonin levels, which in turn induces the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and associated defense responses. The application of exogenous melatonin can also promote sugar and glycerol production, leading to increased levels of salicylic acid and NO. Melatonin and NO in plants can function cooperatively to promote lateral root growth, delay aging, and ameliorate iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to clarify certain aspects of the melatonin\/NO relationship in plant physiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T05:54:51Z","timestamp":1575870891000},"page":"6200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Melatonin-Nitric Oxide Crosstalk and Their Roles in the Redox Network in Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengying","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuoqian","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaojie","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dairu","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5199-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.12.004","article-title":"Melatonin\u2014A pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule","volume":"93","author":"Hardeland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8638","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14048638","article-title":"Melatonin: Buffering the immune system","volume":"14","author":"Lardone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00625.x","article-title":"Protective effect of melatonin against chlorophyll degradation during the senescence of barley leaves","volume":"46","author":"Arnao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1079\/IVP2002333","article-title":"Melatonin: A potential regulator of plant growth and development?","volume":"38","author":"Murch","year":"2002","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00198","article-title":"Melatonin in Plants - Diversity of Levels and Multiplicity of Functions","volume":"7","author":"Hardeland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12253","article-title":"Functions of melatonin in plants: A review","volume":"59","author":"Arnao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417162-6.00001-8","article-title":"Photoperiodic flowering regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"72","author":"Golembeski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Bot. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru441","article-title":"Time to flower: Interplay between photoperiod and the circadian clock","volume":"66","author":"Johansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12314","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are required for melatonin-mediated defense responses in plants","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12167","article-title":"Melatonin promotes seed germination under high salinity by regulating antioxidant systems, ABA and GA(4) interaction in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.04.026","article-title":"Melatonin increases the performance of Malus hupehensis after UV-B exposure","volume":"139","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol. Biochem. Ppb"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00276.x","article-title":"Melatonin in higher plants: Occurrence and possible functions","volume":"39","author":"Kolar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12115","article-title":"Role of melatonin in alleviating cold stress in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"56","author":"Bajwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2017.12.005","article-title":"Nitric oxide-mediated integrative alterations in plant metabolism to confer abiotic stress tolerance, NO crosstalk with phytohormones and NO-mediated post translational modifications in modulating diverse plant stress","volume":"73","author":"Sami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide: Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.10.010","article-title":"Melatonin: A New Plant Hormone and\/or a Plant Master Regulator?","volume":"24","author":"Arnao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345555","article-title":"Melatonin and nitric oxide","volume":"29","author":"Aydogan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00484.x","article-title":"N-nitroso-melatonin releases nitric oxide in the presence of serotonin and its derivatives","volume":"43","author":"Kopczak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.03.035","article-title":"Involvement of the nitric oxide in melatonin-mediated protection against injury","volume":"200","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-079X.2003.00092.x","article-title":"Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: A significant role for melatonin","volume":"36","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.157","article-title":"Employing exogenous melatonin applying confers chilling tolerance in tomato fruits by upregulating ZAT2\/6\/12 giving rise to promoting endogenous polyamines, proline, and nitric oxide accumulation by triggering arginine pathway activity","volume":"275","author":"Aghdam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b06580","article-title":"Melatonin Inhibits Ethylene Synthesis via Nitric Oxide Regulation To Delay Postharvest Senescence in Pears","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaya, C., Higgs, D., Ashraf, M., Alyemeni, M.N., and Ahmad, P. (2019). Integrative roles of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in melatonin-induced tolerance of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants to iron deficiency and salt stress alone or in combination. Physiol. Plant.","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12976"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Choi, G.H., and Back, K. (2017). Cadmium-induced melatonin synthesis in rice requires light, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide: Key regulatory roles for tryptophan decarboxylase and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase. J. Pineal Res., 63.","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12441"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2016.07.001","article-title":"Melatonin and nitric oxide modulate glutathione content and glutathione reductase activity in sunflower seedling cotyledons accompanying salt stress","volume":"59","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.042","article-title":"Melatonin and nitric oxide regulate sunflower seedling growth under salt stress accompanying differential expression of Cu\/Zn SOD and Mn SOD","volume":"106","author":"Arora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcr181","article-title":"Increasing nitric oxide content in Arabidopsis thaliana by expressing rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase resulted in enhanced stress tolerance","volume":"53","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoniou, C., Chatzimichail, G., Xenofontos, R., Pavlou, J.J., Panagiotou, E., Christou, A., and Fotopoulos, V. (2017). Melatonin systemically ameliorates drought stress-induced damage in Medicago sativa plants by modulating nitro-oxidative homeostasis and proline metabolism. J. Pineal. Res., 62.","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12401"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.03.026","article-title":"Melatonin-mediated nitric oxide improves tolerance to cadmium toxicity by reducing oxidative stress in wheat plants","volume":"225","author":"Kaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, G., Zhao, Y., Yu, X., Kiprotich, F., Han, H., Guan, R., Wang, R., and Shen, W. (2018). Nitric Oxide Is Required for Melatonin-Enhanced Tolerance against Salinity Stress in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Seedlings. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071912"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2015.07.012","article-title":"Sodic alkaline stress mitigation by exogenous melatonin in tomato needs nitric oxide as a downstream signal","volume":"186\u2013187","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plant. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11864","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04517-3","article-title":"The role of endogenous nitric oxide in melatonin-improved tolerance to lead toxicity in maize plants","volume":"26","author":"Okant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.08.014","article-title":"Melatonin alleviates aluminum-induced root growth inhibition by interfering with nitric oxide production in Arabidopsis","volume":"161","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7701","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b02178","article-title":"Melatonin: A Multifunctional Molecule That Triggers Defense Responses against High Light and Nitrogen Starvation Stress in Haematococcus pluvialis","volume":"66","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12262","article-title":"Melatonin induces the transcripts of CBF\/DREB1s and their involvement in both abiotic and biotic stresses in Arabidopsis","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15815","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15815","article-title":"Comparative metabolomic analysis highlights the involvement of sugars and glycerol in melatonin-mediated innate immunity against bacterial pathogen in Arabidopsis","volume":"5","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12244","article-title":"Melatonin induces nitric oxide and the potential mechanisms relate to innate immunity against bacterial pathogen infection in Arabidopsis","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.Y., and Back, K. (2017). Melatonin is required for H2 O2 - and NO-mediated defense signaling through MAPKKK3 and OXI1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Pineal Res., 62.","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12379"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Liu, Z., Zhu, L., Ma, Z., Wang, J., and Zhu, J. (2016). Exogenous Melatonin Improves Plant Iron Deficiency Tolerance via Increased Accumulation of Polyamine-Mediated Nitric Oxide. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17111777"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00718","article-title":"Promoting Roles of Melatonin in Adventitious Root Development of Solanum lycopersicum L. by Regulating Auxin and Nitric Oxide Signaling","volume":"7","author":"Wen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12120","article-title":"Elevated production of melatonin in transgenic rice seeds expressing rice tryptophan decarboxylase","volume":"56","author":"Byeon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11308","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.091371","article-title":"Sekiguchi lesion gene encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes conversion of tryptamine to serotonin in rice","volume":"285","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12181","article-title":"Cloning of Arabidopsis serotonin N-acetyltransferase and its role with caffeic acid O-methyltransferase in the biosynthesis of melatonin in vitro despite their different subcellular localizations","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12289","article-title":"Cloning and functional characterization of the Arabidopsis N-acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase responsible for melatonin synthesis","volume":"60","author":"Byeon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12364","article-title":"Melatonin biosynthesis in plants: Multiple pathways catalyze tryptophan to melatonin in the cytoplasm or chloroplasts","volume":"61","author":"Back","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12026","article-title":"Mitochondria and chloroplasts as the original sites of melatonin synthesis: A hypothesis related to melatonin\u2019s primary function and evolution in eukaryotes","volume":"54","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-017-2428-3","article-title":"Growth activity, rooting capacity, and tropism: Three auxinic precepts fulfilled by melatonin","volume":"39","author":"Arnao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcx114","article-title":"Melatonin and its relationship to plant hormones","volume":"121","author":"Arnao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00966.x","article-title":"Delayed senescence of apple leaves by exogenous melatonin treatment: Toward regulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcu171","article-title":"Friends or foes: New insights in jasmonate and ethylene co-actions","volume":"56","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.07.024","article-title":"Application of melatonin promotes anthocyanin accumulation in crabapple leaves","volume":"142","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol. Biochem. Ppb"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12500","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12500","article-title":"Phytomelatonin receptor PMTR1-mediated signaling regulates stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"65","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2014.12.010","article-title":"Nitric oxide: A multitasked signaling gas in plants","volume":"8","author":"Domingos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(97)01147-X","article-title":"Biosynthesis and action of nitric oxide in mammalian cells","volume":"22","author":"Mayer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(01)01893-3","article-title":"Nitric oxide: Comparative synthesis and signaling in animal and plant cells","volume":"6","author":"Wendehenne","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250000447","article-title":"A plasma membrane-bound enzyme of tobacco roots catalyses the formation of nitric oxide from nitrite","volume":"212","author":"Stohr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.88.2.389","article-title":"The Conversion of Nitrite to Nitrogen Oxide(s) by the Constitutive NAD(P)H-Nitrate Reductase Enzyme from Soybean","volume":"88","author":"Dean","year":"1988","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.11.007","article-title":"On the origins of nitric oxide","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-7947-8","article-title":"Nitric oxide signaling and its crosstalk with other plant growth regulators in plant responses to abiotic stress","volume":"24","author":"Asgher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.008","article-title":"Plant nitric oxide synthase: A never-ending story?","volume":"11","author":"Zemojtel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2016.09.005","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase in plants: Where do we stand?","volume":"63","author":"Santolini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102460","article-title":"Light-mediated conversion of nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide by carotenoids","volume":"102","author":"Cooney","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.106.093435","article-title":"The Arabidopsis aleurone layer responds to nitric oxide, gibberellin, and abscisic acid and is sufficient and necessary for seed dormancy","volume":"143","author":"Bethke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj050","article-title":"Mechanisms for nitric oxide synthesis in plants","volume":"57","author":"Crawford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2008.2282","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide increases glutathione production and suppresses oxidative stress in mitochondria","volume":"12","author":"Kimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2009.01307.x","article-title":"The redox switch: Dynamic regulation of protein function by cysteine modifications","volume":"138","author":"Spadaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru458","article-title":"Differential inhibition of Arabidopsis superoxide dismutases by peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration","volume":"66","author":"Holzmeister","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2017.01.028","article-title":"Protein tyrosine nitration in plants: Present knowledge, computational prediction and future perspectives","volume":"113","author":"Kolbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol. Biochem. Ppb"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"64","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase in plants: The surprise from algae","volume":"268","author":"Astier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant. Sci. Int. J. Exp. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02071.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide induced by hydrogen peroxide mediates abscisic acid-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade involved in antioxidant defense in maize leaves","volume":"175","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.107.055855","article-title":"MAPK signaling regulates nitric oxide and NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative bursts in Nicotiana benthamiana","volume":"20","author":"Asai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant. Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072959","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide-mediated activation of MAP kinase 6 modulates nitric oxide biosynthesis and signal transduction in Arabidopsis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant. Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.11.017","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide alleviates oxidative damage under excess nitrate stress through MAPK\/NO signaling in cucumber","volume":"135","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol. Biochem. Ppb"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corpas, F.J., and Barroso, J.B. (2018). Peroxisomal plant metabolism - an update on nitric oxide, Ca(2+) and the NADPH recycling network. J. Cell Sci., 131.","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.202978"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.125104","article-title":"Innate immunity signaling: Cytosolic Ca2+ elevation is linked to downstream nitric oxide generation through the action of calmodulin or a calmodulin-like protein","volume":"148","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"81","article-title":"NADK2 positively modulates abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure by affecting accumulation of H2O2, Ca(2+) and nitric oxide in Arabidopsis guard cells","volume":"262","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant. Sci. Int. J. Exp. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.15.00293","article-title":"Interplay of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide: Nitric oxide coordinates reactive oxygen species homeostasis","volume":"167","author":"Lindermayr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20579","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20579","article-title":"Role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating Tobacco mosaic virus resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.255216","article-title":"S-nitrosylation positively regulates ascorbate peroxidase activity during plant stress responses","volume":"167","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debnath, B., Islam, W., Li, M., Sun, Y., Lu, X., Mitra, S., and Hussain, M. (2019). Melatonin Mediates Enhancement of Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051040"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12038","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin improves Malus resistance to Marssonina apple blotch","volume":"54","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(01)02086-6","article-title":"The functions of inter- and intracellular glutathione transport systems in plants","volume":"6","author":"Foyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erv073","article-title":"Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous signal for maintaining redox balance in plant cells: Regulation of ascorbate peroxidase as a case study","volume":"66","author":"Foresi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.08.005","article-title":"Microbially Mediated Plant Salt Tolerance and Microbiome-based Solutions for Saline Agriculture","volume":"34","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11816-018-0480-0","article-title":"Nitric oxide-induced salt stress tolerance in plants: ROS metabolism, signaling, and molecular interactions","volume":"12","author":"Hasanuzzaman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant. Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.009","article-title":"The AtrbohF-dependent regulation of ROS signaling is required for melatonin-induced salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12346","article-title":"Melatonin mediates selenium-induced tolerance to cadmium stress in tomato plants","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-016-2101-2","article-title":"Melatonin improves antioxidant capacity and ion homeostasis and enhances salt tolerance in maize seedlings","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-015-0140-3","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin improves growth and photosynthetic capacity of cucumber under salinity-induced stress","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(02)00159-0","article-title":"Effects of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide on both salt and heat stress tolerance in rice","volume":"163","author":"Uchida","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-006-0242-z","article-title":"Nitric oxide enhances salt tolerance in maize seedlings through increasing activities of proton-pump and Na+\/H+ antiport in the tonoplast","volume":"224","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007","article-title":"The relationship between metal toxicity and cellular redox imbalance","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.05.012","article-title":"NO signals in the haze: Nitric oxide signalling in plant defence","volume":"12","author":"Leitner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7643-8340-4_6","article-title":"Heavy metal toxicity and the environment","volume":"101","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Experientia supplementum (2012)"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, S.Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, Y.P., Qi, Z.Y., Li, M.Q., Ahammed, G.J., Xia, X.J., Shi, K., Zhou, Y.H., and Reiter, R.J. (2017). HsfA1a upregulates melatonin biosynthesis to confer cadmium tolerance in tomato plants. J. Pineal Res., 62.","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12387"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12232","article-title":"Coordinated regulation of melatonin synthesis and degradation genes in rice leaves in response to cadmium treatment","volume":"58","author":"Byeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y., and Jiang, Z. (2018). Effects of lead stress on the growth, physiology, and cellular structure of privet seedlings. PloS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191139"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-8472(02)00013-8","article-title":"Fast root growth responses, root exudates, and internal detoxification as clues to the mechanisms of aluminium toxicity and resistance: A review","volume":"48","author":"Barcelo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.12.029","article-title":"Hydrogen-rich water alleviates aluminum-induced inhibition of root elongation in alfalfa via decreasing nitric oxide production","volume":"267","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1071\/FP17003","article-title":"Melatonin alleviates aluminium toxicity through modulating antioxidative enzymes and enhancing organic acid anion exudation in soybean","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Funct. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru392","article-title":"Melatonin enhances plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance in soybean plants","volume":"66","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2012.01015.x","article-title":"Melatonin promotes water-stress tolerance, lateral root formation, and seed germination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12017","article-title":"Long-term exogenous application of melatonin delays drought-induced leaf senescence in apple","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05286","article-title":"The plant immune system","volume":"444","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12214","article-title":"Arabidopsis serotonin N-acetyltransferase knockout mutant plants exhibit decreased melatonin and salicylic acid levels resulting in susceptibility to an avirulent pathogen","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., He, Q., Zhang, F., Yu, J., Li, C., Zhao, T., Zhang, Y., Xie, Q., Su, B., and Mei, L. (2019). Melatonin enhances cotton immunity to Verticillium wilt via manipulating lignin and gossypol biosynthesis. Plant. J.","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14477"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, W. (2011). Melatonin as an Endogenous Plant Regulatory Signal: Debates and Perspectives. J. Plant. Biol., 143\u2013149.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12374-011-9159-6"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2008.06.002","article-title":"Exogenously applied melatonin stimulates root growth and raises endogenous indoleacetic acid in roots of etiolated seedlings of Brassica juncea","volume":"166","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Plant. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00914.x","article-title":"Melatonin promotes adventitious root regeneration in in vitro shoot tip explants of the commercial sweet cherry rootstocks CAB-6P (Prunus cerasus L.), Gisela 6 (P. cerasus x P. canescens), and MxM 60 (P. avium x P. mahaleb)","volume":"52","author":"Sarropoulou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru332","article-title":"Melatonin promotes ripening and improves quality of tomato fruit during postharvest life","volume":"66","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2016.03.006","article-title":"Melatonin treatment delays postharvest senescence and regulates reactive oxygen species metabolism in peach fruit","volume":"118","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12315","article-title":"A label-free differential proteomics analysis reveals the effect of melatonin on promoting fruit ripening and anthocyanin accumulation upon postharvest in tomato","volume":"61","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2011.06.007","article-title":"Mode of action of nitric oxide in inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis and fruit softening during ripening and cool storage of \u2018Kensington Pride\u2019 mango","volume":"62","author":"Zaharah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2012.01.001","article-title":"Development and recovery of iron deficiency by iron resupply to roots or leaves of strawberry plants","volume":"53","author":"Pestana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pci252","article-title":"Polyamines induce rapid biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings","volume":"47","author":"Tun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant. Cell Physiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/24\/6200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:40:35Z","timestamp":1760190035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/24\/6200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20246200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20246200","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]}}}