{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:37:23Z","timestamp":1791913043209,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research Program","award":["2016YFA0501703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0501703"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31601074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31601074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61872094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61872094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61832019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61832019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","award":["YG2017ZD14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YG2017ZD14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>G protein-coupled receptor 15 (GPR15, also known as BOB) is an extensively studied orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, colonic inflammation, and smoking-related diseases. Recently, GPR15 was deorphanized and its corresponding natural ligand demonstrated an ability to inhibit cancer cell growth. However, no study reported the potential role of GPR15 in a pan-cancer manner. Using large-scale publicly available data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases, we found that GPR15 expression is significantly lower in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) and rectal adenocarcinoma (READ) than in normal tissues. Among 33 cancer types, GPR15 expression was significantly positively correlated with the prognoses of COAD, neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC), and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and significantly negatively correlated with stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). This study also revealed that commonly upregulated gene sets in the high GPR15 expression group (stratified via median) of COAD, HNSC, LUAD, and STAD are enriched in immune systems, indicating that GPR15 might be considered as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, we modelled the 3D structure of GPR15 and conducted structure-based virtual screening. The top eight hit compounds were screened and then subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for stability analysis. Our study provides novel insights into the role of GPR15 in a pan-cancer manner and discovered a potential hit compound for GPR15 antagonists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T10:52:41Z","timestamp":1575975161000},"page":"6226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["An Integrated Pan-Cancer Analysis and Structure-Based Virtual Screening of GPR15"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-1635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2510-7985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2910-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aman","family":"Chandra Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-7502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Qing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, and Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08144","article-title":"The structure and function of G-protein-coupled receptors","volume":"459","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/40894","article-title":"Expression cloning of new receptors used by simian and human immunodeficiency viruses","volume":"388","author":"Deng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynch, J.R., and Wang, J.Y. 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