{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:49:33Z","timestamp":1792014573624,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":327,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI14\/ 00477, PI17\/00027, RD16\/0012\/0008, RD16\/0012\/0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14\/ 00477, PI17\/00027, RD16\/0012\/0008, RD16\/0012\/0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTC-2015- 3562-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTC-2015- 3562-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Cofinanced"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cofinanced"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The neuroendocrine and immune systems are coordinated to maintain the homeostasis of the organism, generating bidirectional communication through shared mediators and receptors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the paradigm of an endogenous neuropeptide produced by neurons and endocrine and immune cells, involved in the control of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Exogenous administration of VIP exerts therapeutic effects in models of autoimmune\/inflammatory diseases mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Currently, there are no curative therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and patients present complex diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic problems in daily clinical practice due to their heterogeneous nature. This review focuses on the biology of VIP and VIP receptor signaling, as well as its protective effects as an immunomodulatory factor. Recent progress in improving the stability, selectivity, and effectiveness of VIP\/receptors analogues and new routes of administration are highlighted, as well as important advances in their use as biomarkers, contributing to their potential application in precision medicine. On the 50th anniversary of VIP\u2019s discovery, this review presents a spectrum of potential clinical benefits applied to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T09:50:33Z","timestamp":1576835433000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A Clinical Approach for the Use of VIP Axis in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3541-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5886-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmina","family":"Juarranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0678-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Ca\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5480-9417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"Carri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4500-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9001-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Villanueva-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2446-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8779-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amalia","family":"Lamana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Mellado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda y Oncolog\u00eda, Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog\u00eda (CNB)\/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isidoro","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-\u00c1lvaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Reumatolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2839-1923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa P.","family":"Gomariz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48350.x","article-title":"Bidirectional communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. 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