{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:42:32Z","timestamp":1790422952305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]],"date-time":"2019-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AR070200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR070200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adenine nucleotides (AdNs: ATP, ADP, AMP) are essential biological compounds that facilitate many necessary cellular processes by providing chemical energy, mediating intracellular signaling, and regulating protein metabolism and solubilization. A dramatic reduction in total AdNs is observed in atrophic skeletal muscle across numerous disease states and conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, COPD, sepsis, muscular dystrophy, denervation, disuse, and sarcopenia. The reduced AdNs in atrophic skeletal muscle are accompanied by increased expression\/activities of AdN degrading enzymes and the accumulation of degradation products (IMP, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid), suggesting that the lower AdN content is largely the result of increased nucleotide degradation. Furthermore, this characteristic decrease of AdNs suggests that increased nucleotide degradation contributes to the general pathophysiology of skeletal muscle atrophy. In view of the numerous energetic, and non-energetic, roles of AdNs in skeletal muscle, investigations into the physiological consequences of AdN degradation may provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of muscle atrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1577070901000},"page":"88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Increased Adenine Nucleotide Degradation in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Spencer G.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology &amp; Physiology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Van Nuys Medical Science Bldg. 5035, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Hafen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology &amp; Physiology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Van Nuys Medical Science Bldg. 5035, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3503-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Brault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology &amp; Physiology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Van Nuys Medical Science Bldg. 5035, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4467","article-title":"Muscle wasting in disease: Molecular mechanisms and promising therapies","volume":"14","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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