{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:39:36Z","timestamp":1792805976914,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009974","name":"Cardinal Tien Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CTH-102-1-2A30, CTH-104-1-2B05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTH-102-1-2A30, CTH-104-1-2B05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009974","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"United States National Science Foundation","award":["DMS-1408839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-1408839"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is upregulated by hypoxia and is a crucial stimulator for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration and pathologic myopia, as well as retinal neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retinal and choroidal endothelial cells play key roles in the development of retinal and CNV, and subsequent fibrosis. At present, the effects of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the VEGF-induced choroid-retina endothelial (RF\/6A) cells are still unknown. In our study, we investigated the effects of AuNPs on RF\/6A cell viabilities and cell adhesion to fibronectin, a major ECM protein of fibrovascular membrane. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of AuNPs on RF\/6A cell migration induced by VEGF and its signaling were studied. Methods: The cell viability assay was used to determine the viability of cells treated with AuNPs. The migration of RF\/6A cells was assessed by the Transwell migration assay. The cell adhesion to fibronectin was examined by an adhesion assay. The VEGF-induced signaling pathways were determined by western blotting. Results: The 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay revealed no cytotoxicity of AuNPs on RF\/6A cells. AuNPs inhibited VEGF-induced RF\/6A cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner but showed no significant effects on RF\/6A cell adhesion to fibronectin. Inhibitory effects of AuNPs on VEGF-induced Akt\/eNOS were found. Conclusions: These results suggest that AuNPs are an effective inhibitor of VEGF-induced RF\/6A cell migration through the Akt\/eNOS pathways, but they have no effects on their cell viabilities and cell adhesion to fibronectin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:15:01Z","timestamp":1577070901000},"page":"109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Inhibitory Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on VEGF-A-Induced Cell Migration in Choroid-Retina Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chi-Ming","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yu","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan"},{"name":"Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Ju","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2114-7709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-You","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Der-Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Department of Computer Science, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3478-5451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Feng","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"},{"name":"MS Program in Transdisciplinary Long Term Care, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, T., Usuda, H., Tanaka, T., Wada, K., and Shimaoka, M. 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