{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T03:30:49Z","timestamp":1789183849261,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]],"date-time":"2019-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2017M2A2A6A02018535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017M2A2A6A02018535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metronidazole (MD) is known as a periodontitis medicine and has been widely used in antibiotics for resistance to anaerobic bacteria, periodontal disease, and other threats. To treat diseases, drug delivery carriers are needed with a high bioadhesive property and enhanced drug penetration. Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogel films have a good bioadhesive property and are able to localize the absorption site and increase the drug residence time. In this study, we fabricated a MD loaded PAA hydrogel with different MD content (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 wt%) using varying doses (25, 50, and 75 kGy) and the radiation doses (25, 50, or 75 kGy) in a one-step gamma-ray irradiation process. The chemical and physical structure were determined through a Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gel content, and compressive strength. In addition, MD loaded PAA hydrogels were performed to MD release behaviors and cytotoxicity. Finally, we conducted antibacterial activity to demonstrate the prevention of growth of bacteria as a therapeutic dressing. The basic chemical structure analysis of MD was changed greatly at radiation doses of 50 and 75 kGy due to degradation by gamma-ray irradiation. However, when the absorbed dose was 25 kGy, the chemical structure analysis of MD did not change significantly, and the gel content and compressive strength of MD\/PAA hydrogel were approximately 80% and 130 kPa, respectively. The MD\/PAA hydrogels exhibited no cytotoxicity and good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. These results provide good evidence that MD\/PAA hydrogel prepared by gamma-ray irradiation has potential as a competitive candidate for the therapeutic dressing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,27]],"date-time":"2019-12-27T05:37:08Z","timestamp":1577425028000},"page":"187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Preparation of Radiation Cross-Linked Poly(Acrylic Acid) Hydrogel Containing Metronidazole with Enhanced Antibacterial Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jin-Oh","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Korea"},{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4389-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Soek","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eui Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do 11765, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-In","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-Mook","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6525","DOI":"10.1021\/ie071637v","article-title":"Aqueous Metronidazole Degradation by UV\/H2O2 Process in Single-and Multi-Lamp Tubular Photoreactors: Kinetics and Reactor Design","volume":"47","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ind. 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