{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:34:52Z","timestamp":1785796492218,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP), a unique subtype of pancreatitis, is often accompanied by systemic inflammatory disorders. AIP is classified into two distinct subtypes on the basis of the histological subtype: immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis (type 1) and idiopathic duct-centric pancreatitis (type 2). Type 1 AIP is often accompanied by systemic lesions, biliary strictures, hepatic inflammatory pseudotumors, interstitial pneumonia and nephritis, dacryoadenitis, and sialadenitis. Type 2 AIP is associated with inflammatory bowel diseases in approximately 30% of cases. Standard therapy for AIP is oral corticosteroid administration. Steroid treatment is generally indicated for symptomatic cases and is exceptionally applied for cases with diagnostic difficulty (diagnostic steroid trial) after a negative workup for malignancy. More than 90% of patients respond to steroid treatment within 1 month, and most within 2 weeks. The steroid response can be confirmed on clinical images (computed tomography, ultrasonography, endoscopic ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography). Hence, the steroid response is included as an optional diagnostic item of AIP. Steroid treatment results in normalization of serological markers, including IgG4. Short- and long-term corticosteroid treatment may induce adverse events, including chronic glycometabolism, obesity, an immunocompromised status against infection, cataracts, glaucoma, osteoporosis, and myopathy. AIP is common in old age and is often associated with diabetes mellitus (33\u201378%). Thus, there is an argument for corticosteroid therapy in diabetes patients with no symptoms. With low-dose steroid treatment or treatment withdrawal, there is a high incidence of AIP recurrence (24\u201352%). Therefore, there is a need for long-term steroid maintenance therapy and\/or steroid-sparing agents (immunomodulators and rituximab). Corticosteroids play a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment of AIP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T03:28:53Z","timestamp":1578022133000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Steroid Therapy and Steroid Response in Autoimmune Pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-2351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Matsubayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"},{"name":"Genetic Medicine Promotion, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotoshi","family":"Ishiwatari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayo","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinichi","family":"Hotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohei","family":"Yabuuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Kakushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Takizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Kawata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endoscopy, Shizuoka Cancer Center 1007, Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi, Suntogun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000000325","article-title":"Nationwide Epidemiological Survey of Autoimmune Pancreatitis in Japan in 2011","volume":"44","author":"Kanno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3182142fd2","article-title":"International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria for autoimmune pancreatitis\u2014Guidelines of the International Association of Pancreatology","volume":"40","author":"Shimosegawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.010","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune pancreatitis","volume":"13","author":"Okazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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