{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:42:42Z","timestamp":1792287762961,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) has been successfully used in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) for more than 50 years. It fulfilled the criteria to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier and counteract the biochemical defect of dopamine (DA). It remarkably worked after some adjustments in line with the initial hypothesis, leaving a poor place to the plethora of mechanisms involving other neurotransmitters or mechanisms of action beyond newly synthesized DA itself. Yet, its mechanism of action is far from clear. It involves numerous distinct cell populations and does not mimic the mechanism of action of dopaminergic agonists. L-DOPA-derived DA is mainly released by serotonergic neurons as a false neurotransmitter, and serotonergic neurons are involved in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. The brain pattern and magnitude of DA extracellular levels together with this status of false neurotransmitters suggest that the striatal effects of DA via this mechanism would be minimal. Other metabolic products coming from newly formed DA or through the metabolism of L-DOPA itself could be involved. These compounds can be trace amines and derivatives. They could accumulate within the terminals of the remaining monoaminergic neurons. These \u201cfalse neurotransmitters,\u201d also known for some of them as inducing an \u201camphetamine-like\u201d mechanism, could reduce the content of biogenic amines in terminals of monoaminergic neurons, thereby impairing the exocytotic process of monoamines including L-DOPA-induced DA extracellular outflow. The aim of this review is to present the mechanism of action of L-DOPA with a specific attention to \u201cfalse neurotransmission.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T04:43:03Z","timestamp":1578026583000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["L-DOPA in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Looking at the \u201cFalse\u201d Neurotransmitters and Their Meaning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Abdeslam","family":"Chagraoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239 CHU de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, CHU de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Boulain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5287), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Juvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5287), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Anouar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239 CHU de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9gory","family":"Barri\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5287), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe De","family":"Deurwaerd\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5287), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.07.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of L-dopa-induced motor and non-motor complications in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"132","author":"Bastide","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. 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